n The internal structure of sentences The basic

n The internal structure of sentences The basic pattern of the simple English sentence will include the following: (Adjunct) Subject Predicate (Object) (Complement) (Adjunct) ASPOCA Fortunately we elected Ahmed president. n The building Subject collapsed. predicate

Adjunct n An Adjunct: it is a modifying form, word, or phrase which depends on some other form, word, or phrase, especially an element of clause structure with adverbial function. It is a part of the sentence that may be omitted without making the sentence ungrammatical. n Adjunct is mobile in the sentence n Suddenly the building collapsed. The building suddenly collapsed. The building collapsed suddenly. n n

Complements function to express qualities or attributes of or to identify the subjects or objects they modify Different sentences may include a subject or object complement. n Mary is a nice teacher. n He became rich. Similar sentences include verbs like be, become, seem, appear, grow, turn. These verbs take complements. n He is my teacher. n He seems happy n All the previous complements are called subject complement since they provide information on the subject.

Complement … cont’d n Object complements provide information on the object: We elected Sami president. n We nominated Ahmed chairman. n I made her happy n

n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Activity Decide the sentence pattern in each of the following sentences (SVO, SVC, etc): The dog is running The man saw the dog The car is ready I gave Huda a book We called John a fool

Grammaticality, acceptability and interpretability 1. Grammatical: A piece of language is “grammatical” if it does not break any of the rules of standard language. n The young man bought the expensive car. n * The man young bought car expensive the 2. Acceptable: In certain constructions we cannot accept three ore more consecutive verbs in a sentence. n The cat the dog that man hit chased died.

Ambiguity Another type of unacceptability is referred to as ambiguity. n Ambiguity: Sentences can be interpreted in two different words: A- Structural ambiguity: where a structure is capable of more than one interpretation: Visiting relatives can be boring n Flying planes can be dangerous. n I cannot stand old men and women. n

Ambiguity … cont’d B- Lexical ambiguity: when the ambiguity resides in the word. That is, ambiguity may be due to the meaning of the lexical item. n The Qadi married my sister. n She cannot bear children. n Ambiguous sentences can lead to problems in interpretation. In speech, ambiguity can be resolved by the situation or the context or intonation and stress. However, in the written medium, it is often impossible to interpret the structures.

Activity n A)- Give the two possible meanings of each of the following sentences: 1. The lamb is too hot to eat. 2. Ali loves Huda more than Rania 3. He waited for me by the bank. 4. The children drew five squares and triangles.

Interpretability 3 - Interpretability does not depend directly on grammaticality as in the case of nonstandard dialects. n n n He seen him yesterday. She be a doctor. He ain't here.

Interpretability n However, sometimes interpretability is difficult when, for example, an inanimate subject collocates with a verb that needs an animate subject. n n Gentleness admired the view. Happiness broke his leg. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. Poetic license is an exception.

Types of Sentences n Stative Sentences: they are sentences which have verbs such as 'copula' be and other copula-like verbs (seem, become, remain, look, taste, etc). They are called stative or linking verbs because they link the subjects to their subject complements, e. g. n Ali is a soldier Ali seems worried Ali became a merchant n n

Types of Sentences n Arabic possesses similar linking verbs: n ﻋﻠﻲ ﺟﻨﺪﻱ ﻗﻠ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻠ ﺗﺎﺟﺮﺍ ﺍﺻﺒﺢ n n

Types of Sentences n Non-stative Sentences: they include verbs which designate actions or activities whether they are physical or mental. These verbs can be transitive or intransitive n Ali killed the snake Maha cleans her room every morning The teacher gave the student a prize n n

Nominal Sentences n A nominal sentence is a sentence that begins with a noun, e. g. Ahmed came to school ﺃﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ n All English sentences are nominal ones. Besides NP's, nominal clauses can function as subjects 1. 2. 3. 4. That-clause: That he retired at this age surprised us all. Wh-clause: Why he resigned is not clear to me. To-V clause: To travel by train costs $50. V-ing clause: Typing all these reports costs a lot of money

Nominal Sentences n Arabic nominal sentence differs from the English one in the suffix which is added to the verb which is in agreement with respect to number, gender and person: ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻛﺘﺒﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪﺍﻥ ﻛﺘﺒﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻻﻭﻻﺩ ﻛﺘﺒﻮﺍ ﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻜﺘﺐ ﻳﻜﺘﺒﻮﻥ

Verbal Sentences 2 - Verbal Sentence is a sentence that begins with a verb; Arabic uses this sentence abundantly while English does not have this type of sentences. (They) wrote their lessons ﻛﺘﺒﻮﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﺳﻬﻢ

Verbless Sentences 3 - Verbless Sentence is a sentence without a verb as in exclamations: what a day! In Arabic a nominal sentence may contain a verb or may not: ﺑﻄﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻣﺆﺪﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ n Which nominal Arabic sentences are verbless? The sentence must refer to the present time. If the time is non-present, a verb must be used to mark future or past time, e. g. ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺎ

Auxiliary Sentences 4 - An auxiliary sentence is one that begins with an auxiliary. It is usually called a yes-no question, e. g. Did he come yesterday? n Such sentences exist in English, but not in Arabic.

Elements of the Arabic nominal Sentence An Arabic nominal sentence consists of a subject ( )ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺃ and a predicate ( )ﺧﺒﺮ. The subject must be a nominal element; the predicate may be sentential or non-sentential 1. 1 The subject ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪﺃ i. Noun: ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ii. Pronoun: ﻫﻮ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ iii. Verbal noun: ﻗﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺮﻳﺢ n

Elements of the Arabic nominal Sentence 1. 2 The predicate ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮ i. Noun: ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻧﻮﺭ ii. Adjective : ﺍﻻﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ iii. Prepositional phrase: ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻪ iv. Locative adverb: ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺮ v. Temporal adverb: ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻏﺪﺍ vi. Nominal sentence: ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺃﺒﻮﻩ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ vii. Verbal sentence: ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺣﻀﺮ ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺍ

Elements of the Arabic Verbal Sentence A simple verbal sentence may be described in terms of four elements: 1 - Verb and Object: a verb is either intransitive ﻻﺯﻡ or transitive ﻣﺘﻌﺪﻱ intransitive: ﻧﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ Transitive verbs can be: monotransitive: ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻒ ditransitive: ﺃﻌﻄﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﻫﺪﻳﺔ n

Elements of the Arabic Verbal Sentence 2 - Subject ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ : the agent is either: - ﺍﺳﻢ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ explicit noun ﺣﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ or - ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ implicit pronoun ﺟﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﺄﺨﺮﺍ 3 - Deputy Agent ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ in the passive sentence the object of the corresponding active sentence becomes a deputy agent. ﻋﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺰ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ

Elements of the Arabic Verbal Sentence 4 - Adverbial ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻑ : An adverbial can be realised by adverbs, prepositional phrases and the circumstantial accusative ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ n n n Adverb: ﺟﺎﺀ ﺃﻤﺲ Prepositional Phrase: ﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ Circumstantial accusative: ﻧﺎﺋﺍ ﺭﺃﻴﺘﻪ

Types of mistakes by Arab learners: 1 - Omission of be and have - Ahmed in the house - The book with me 2 - Verb- subject instead of subject-verb order - Reads the boy his lesson - laughs the boy 3 - Repetition of the subject as a pronoun - The only son in the family he creates a lot of trouble. - Students they are allowed to change their subjects.

Types of mistakes by Arab learners: 4 - Lack of subject-verb agreement - There is no machines in the field - Men does not care about this. - One of the problems are about pollution. 5 - Negation - Not the man doctor - He does not gone - He not writes his homework. 6 - Questions - can ride the children? - What her fate will be? - How the students are studying?

Types of mistakes by Arab learners: 7 - Difficulty with do - Why we learn English? - Do I must study this course? 8 - Use of wrong verb form - Have they never go to a restaurant? 9 - Wrong tag question - You visited him, isn't it? 10 - Commands - omission of do: Not play here. - use of no instead of not: no play here

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