n Essential Question Question What factors led to

n Essential Question: Question – What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War & contributed to Confederate successes from 1861 to 1863?

Section 2 Identify Northern and Southern successes and failures in the early years of the war. n Explain how the North’s naval blockade hurt the South. n

DURING THE CIVIL WAR MANY NORTHERN STUDENTS LEARNED TO READ USING THESE KIND OF GRAPHICS

Fighting the Civil War

From 1861 -1863, the South consistently beat the North due to poor Union leadership & the Southern defensive strategy The Civil War 1 st. The battle was Bull Run (Manassas, VA) on U. S. & CSA forces fought to a July 21, 1861; “On to Richmond” campaign draw at Antietam in Sept 1862—the was repulsed by “Stonewall” Jackson single bloodiest day of the Civil War

First Battle of Bull Run The first major battle of the Civil War was called the First Battle of Bull Run. It was fought in northern Virginia near a river called Bull Run. n The Confederates were victorious. – Union troops attacked Confederate forces led by General P. G. T. Beauregard. – Rebels rallied under General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson’s reinforcement troops and counterattacked the Yankees. – Union army retreated back to Washington, D. C. , first in an orderly fashion and then in a panic. n

First Battle of Bull Run n click The Confederate victory shocked the North. – Northerners realized that the war could be a long, hard, and costly one. – Abraham Lincoln signed two bills • One requesting a total of one million army volunteers to serve for three years. • He also appointed General B. Mc. Clellan to head the Union army of the East called the Army of the Potomac.

Fighting “Total War” Women took gov’t jobs as bookkeepers, clerks & secretaries; A number of womenst Cone-shaped bullets & n The Civil War was the world’s 1 also served as spies (Rose Greenhow, CSA) grooved barrel rifles Massive frontal assaults and massed “total war” in which the entire Repeatingwith rifles formations as & many as 100, 000 soldiers economy was devoted to winning: the Gatling gun –North & South Shrapnel, booby traps, drafted soldiers & land mines –North & South employed female workers to meet supply demands Women’s most prominentold roletactics, were as nurses –New weapons, & on sheer the battlefield: distributing medical numbers of troops in supplies, organizing hospitals, & offering battletoled to massive comfort wounded or dyingcasualties soldiers

http: //www. civilwar. org/education/in 4/artillery. html

NOTEBOOK ASSIGNMENT #5 n CREATE A DIARY ENTRY FROM A SOLDIER AT BULL RUN. – YOU WILL NEED TO PICK A SIDE NORTH OR SOUTH • WRITE ABOUT YOUR EXPERIENCE THERE – NEEDS TO HAVE SOLDIER NAME, WHICH SIDE YOU’RE FIGHTING FOR, LOCATION, WHAT HAPPENED DURING FIGHTING, HOW YOU SURVIVED, WHO DIDN’T SURVIVE, ETC… • HONORS 3 PARAGRAPHS 5 -7 sentences each • REGULAR 1 PARAGRAPH 5 -7 sentences each

Battle of the Ironclads (1862): (1862) CSS Virginia vs. USS Monitor Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia was built using the remains of the USS Merrimack USS Monitor was a revolutionary design: rotating turret & low profile

War at Sea n n Lincoln ordered a blockade of Southern ports to prevent the South from exporting its cotton and importing necessary supplies such as guns, ammunition, and food. – Result-did not close off all Southern trade, but it did reduce trade by two-thirds. – Over time the North also built more ships to better enforce the blockade. A new era in naval warfare began when the North’s Monitor and the South’s Merrimack, renamed Virginia, exchanged fire in March 1862. – Both ships were wooden ships covered with thick iron plates, making them sturdy and hard to sink. – The Union was the victor because the Merrimack never again threatened Northern ships.

http: //www. civilwar. org/education/in 4/naval-tech. html

War in the West n The main goal of the North was to gain control of the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers in the west to make it hard for the South to transport goods. The North had early victories in 1862 under the command of Ulysses S. Grant. – Grant captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River in February 1862. – Grant also captured Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River ten days later. – The control of the lower Tennessee River allowed Union troops to march into Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama. – The Union victories also drove the Confederacy out of Kentucky, a state that the South had hoped they would be able to persuade to secede. http: //www. civilwar. org/education/ in 4/war-in-the-west. html

General William Tecumseh Sherman was once asked which was his worst experience in battle during the Civil War. Without hesitation, he replied “Shiloh!” n Another major battle in the West, the Battle of War in the West Shiloh, saw the Union win a narrow victory. A very bloody two-day battle with 20, 000 casualties on both sides ended with Union forces gaining control of Corinth, Mississippi, on May 30, 1862, and Memphis, Tennessee, on June 6. – The fighting began on April 6 when Confederate forces led a surprise attack on Union troops. The Confederacy drove Grant and his troops back to the Tennessee River. – The second day the Union forces defeated the Confederacy with the help of 25, 000 troops from Nashville and shelling from gunboats on the river. The Confederacy withdrew to Corinth.

War in the West n Click The North won another important victory on April 25, 1862, with the capture of New Orleans, Louisiana, under the command of David Farragut’s naval forces. The capture meant that the Confederacy could no longer use the Mississippi River to carry its crops to sea. Battle Shiloh-

War in the East The war in the East was not as successful for the Union. – The Union’s goal of capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, was never met. – The Southern strategy of making the North tired of fighting seemed to be working. n Stonewall Jackson’s troops met Lee’s army and were attacked by Pope’s troops on August 29 at Bull Run. – The Second Battle of Bull Run was won by the Confederacy. – http: //www. civilwar. org/education/in 4/the-war-in-the-east. html n

Antietam n Another major battle, the Battle of Antietam occurred on September 17. – Both armies suffered severe losses, but neither was destroyed. – General Lee withdrew to Virginia, so the Union claimed victory. Additionally Lincoln used the battle to change Northern war aims and take action against slavery. • Lee’s army marched into MD in September 1862, and Mc. Clellan with his 80, 000 troops moved slowly after them. – A Mc. Clellan soldier found a copy of Lee’s orders » Mc. Clellan knew Lee’s plans, but because he was so cautious and acted so slowly » Lee was able to gather his forces along the Antietam Creek.

Antietam Bloodiest single day of War On September 17 the bloodiest day of the war saw close to 6, 000 soldiers dead or dying and another The Union forces did not capture Richmond, the Confederate capital. General Mc. Lellan 17, 000 seriously wounded. moved so slowly and cautiously that he gave Lee, a successful commander of the Confederate forces, time to group and attack. Northern troops lost confidence when they saw few victories. n Although The next day Lee withdrew. Mc. Clellan refused the Union claimed victory at the Second When Battle of Bull Run and did gain back some confidence, great loss of life order was difficult overcome. Lee, Lincoln replaced to obeythe. Lincoln’s toto pursue Mc. Clellan with General Ambrose Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac. n n. Why was the Union defeated in the East?

http: //www. civilwar. org/education/in 4/union-leaders. html http: //www. maniacworld. com/civilwar-in-four-minutes. html

Notebook Assignment #9

Notebook Assignment #6 continued

n http: //www. civilwar. org/education/i n 4/battlefield-death. html

Casualties of the Civil War

Mobilizing the Home Fronts The draft was unpopular among Southern n Both&the North antiwar & South faced governors Northern, “Copperheads” problems supporting the war: –Both sides began running out of troops; in 1862, the North & South began conscription (draft) –Funding the war was difficult; both sides printed paper money (greenbacks) to accommodate spending needs; led to runaway inflation (9, 000% in the South)

NOTEBOOK ASSIGNMENT #7 Composing songs has always been important to groups with a common goal. Now write your own song/rap to inspire and unify either the North or the South. Must be 2 verses 1 chorus

#10 Poem Analysis about life during war n Pick 2 poems read in your groups and answer the questions for each poem.