n Essential Question Question How did Englands changing

n. Essential Question: Question –How did England’s changing policy towards its North American colonies lead to a rising call for independence?

Paying Off England’s National Debt

Parliamentary Sovereignty n 1763 proved to be a critical year in colonial history: – The end of the French & Indian War forced England to reexamine its colonial policies – New political & economic restrictions came about as England tried to profit off its colonies – Colonial resentment (bad feelings) eventually led to the American Revolution

The Sugar Act the relationship Theredefined Sugar Act between America & England n Chief Minister George Grenville assessed England’s debt after the Navigation Acts were based on mercantilism; French Indian Warto&raise concluded The Sugar Act & was an attempt revenue ($) forthat England Americans needed to st real colonial The Stamp Act led to the 1 contribute to maintain the army: protest against new British controls –Sugar Act of 1764 –Currency Act of 1764 –Quartering Act of 1765 –Stamp Act of 1765

The Sugar Act n The Sugar Act of 1764 placed a tax on imported sugar & created a way for the British to enforce it: – Sugar was an expensive luxury, so protests by the colonists was basically limited to the wealthy the & colonial assemblies – Most colonists were unaffected by the new tax & there was no violence or mass protest

Thelicenses, Stampproperty Act deeds, & By taxing marriage playing cards, this duty affected common n One year later, the Stamp Act required people colonists to buy a royal stamp to validate legal documents – Colonial protest changed from a being by the wealthy to a mass (large) protest by common citizens – Massachusetts called for a Stamp Act Congress (a meeting between the various colonies) to petition (complain to) the King & Parliament for a repeal of the tax

n Protest The Stamp Act against the tax led to: – Mob riots: riots Tax collectors resigned which made the stamp tax impossible to collect – Boycotting British goods: goods “Save your money & you can save your country” – The boycott got women involved (the people who were in charge of the home & decided what families bought)

The “Sons of Liberty” were formed to protest Women played a British key role in restrictions & maintaining the became the success of leading agitators colonial boycotts for colonial Mob reaction to the Stamp resistance & Townshend Acts For the 1 st time, many colonists refer to fellow boycotters as “patriots”

The Stamp Act n Due to effective colonial protest, England repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 n However, Parliament issued a statement declaring that Parliament had complete control over the American colonies "in all cases whatsoever”

The Townshend Duties n In 1767, Parliament initiated the Townshend Duties (a series of indirect taxes that the colonists weren’t supposed to notice): –Taxed imports of paper, lead, glass, and tea –Ordered NY Gov to veto all laws by the colonial assembly until the Quartering Act was obeyed

Response to the Townshend Duties n Sons of Liberty (NY) organized a another boycott of British goods – sent a letter that went to all of the colonies to protest the Townshend Acts – sending this letter was considered an act of treason & the Massachusetts colonial assembly was broken up

Response to the Townshend Duties n Effect: Effect –The crisis over colonial representation was now clear –Colonies began communicating with each other about their concerns with England –Colonies became united in being against these English abuses

The Boston Massacre n England’s failure to remove the army from Boston led to greater English-American tensions: –Colonists resented the presence of the growing British army –In 1770, British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists –This “Boston Massacre” showed the worsening of British. American relations

Paul Revere’s etching of the Boston Massacre became an American best-seller Colonists injured With only 4 dead, this British soldiers by was hardly a “massacre” throwing snowballs but it reveals the power & oyster shells of colonial propaganda

This. The tea tax was a symbol meant to Boston Massacre remind the colonists that Parliament n Tensions was were defused by Lord North still in control who repealed Townshend Acts in 1770; except a tax on tea: – Most Americans backed off their radical protests – Except the Sons of Liberty who continued to build up a communication network between the colonies so they could discuss concerns about the British

The Boston Tea Party n In 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act in order to help the British East India Company by making its tea cheaper to colonial buyers: – Americans interpreted this act as a secret way to get them to buy taxed tea –In Dec 1773, Boston protestors dumped a shipment of British tea into Boston harbor

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts n Parliament retaliated against the “Boston Tea Party” with the Coercive Acts in 1774: – Closed the port of Boston until the destroyed tea was paid for – Massachusetts town meetings were limited to once per year n New England, Middle, & Southern colonists came together to support Boston

The Quebec Act (1774) n The Quebec Act created a gov’t for newly ceded Canada…but it lacked a colonial assembly n “Canada” extended into the Ohio Valley & Mississippi which threatened all colonists

Steps Towards Independence

Steps Toward Independence n In Sept 1774, 55 delegates met in Philadelphia for First Continental Congress in response to the Coercive Acts: –Formed an “association” amongst all of the colonies to enforce a boycott with Britain until the Coercive Acts were repealed

The Shot Heard Around the World n On April 18, 1775 a skirmish broke out in Lexington, Massachusetts n Fighting by colonial “minutemen” & British soldiers between Lexington, Concord, & Boston became the first exchange of hostilities between the English & Americans

British. The soldiers were are looking for illegal British coming!! weapons & Sons of Liberty leaders John Hancock & Samuel Adams Paul Revere & William Dawes made their midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British army

“The Shot Heard ‘Round the World” “Americans displayed a…spirit against us, they never showed against the French” Lexington & Concord—April 18, 1775

Early War Effort n On May 1775, Second Continental Congress met to direct the war: – Appointed George Washington to lead a new “Continental Army” – Began purchasing war supplies – Did not declare independence

The Early War Effort n Dec 1775, Parliament passed laws that did the following: – English blockaded colonial ports & seized (took) American ships – Hired German mercenaries (paid soldiers) to fight the rebellion; the were called “Hessians” Hessians – Royal governors urged slaves to rebel against their masters

Conclusions n By December 1775, the British & American colonists were fighting an “informal revolutionary war”…but: –Colonial leaders had not yet declared independence –Most colonists were “loyal & dutiful subjects” of England & asked King George III to protect them –King George already considered the colonists in “open rebellion”

What’s Next?