n Essential Question Question How did America progress

n Essential Question: Question –How did America progress towards greater democracy between 1800 & 1840? n Essential Question: –Examine Alexis de Tocqueville’s journey through America in the 1830 s & read excerpts from his observations. What did this French visitor observe about U. S. society & gov’t in the 1830 s?

Alexis de Tocqueville

The Growth of White Men's Democracy

The of Democracy Less than. Growth 50% of white men could vote n From 1824 to 1840, democracy was extended to more Americans: This increase in “democracy” was a –Before states limited major shift 1800, from themost “virtuous republic” envisioned by vote Jefferson & Hamilton the right to exclusively to property owners & taxpayers –By 1840, these restrictions were removed for most white men –Nowhere else in the world was the 90% right to vote as widespread of white men could vote as in the USA

White males were seen as The Growth of Democracy There was a growing % of equal before the law & in voting Americans who owned no land n By the 1830 s, a “democracy of Rising Decreased industrialization requirements led to in a commoners” became more population the licensed of low-paid professions laborers accepted than a “republic of Division between commercial No clear domestic natural aristocrats” farmers & yeoman servant class farmers –Positions of power became attainable for “self-made” men –Americans valued equal opportunities among white men, but not necessarily equality

Before 1800, most states limited the right to vote exclusively to property owners & taxpayers Quick Class Discussion: Why did this unprecedented growth in democracy occur? The Simple Answer: Westward expansion led to an increase in democracy

Jefferson’s vision “republicanism” did not Westward expansion led to all increased suffrage By 1840, more than of 90% of adult white men apply in the West there werewho no for “common” men because in white the “new states” could vote (“universal male suffrage”) “virtuous elite” to for the states” people did not qualify inrule the “older As more western states extended democracy to “common men, ” political parties in eastern states But…this extension offelt suffrage did not pressure do the same include to African-Americans or women

Universal Manhood Suffrage n Political parties developed new types of politicking in order to reach “new voters” –In the 1820 s, politicians began using campaigns, parades, slogans to appeal to the masses –Well-organized, statewide “political machines” developed –Party loyalty became expected –Partisan newspapers boomed

Universal Manhood Suffrage Partisan newspapers played an important role Could in early“mob American rule”politics really work in America?

Universal Manhood Suffrage n The 1830 s & 1840 s experienced: –Massive voter turnout due to the growth of suffrage & increased organization of political parties –Direct methods of selecting presidential electors, county officials, state judges, & governors (replaced indirect methods by state legislatures)

What is voter turnout like today?

Democratic Culture n In the 1830 s, high literacy & cheap printing allowed artists & writers to work for a “mass” audience: –Popular genres include romanticism, gothic horror, & landscape paintings –Authors included Wadsworth, Emerson, Melville, Hawthorne, Whitman, Poe; showed human nature, morality, romanticism

Kindred Spirits, by Asher Durand

Politics: Politics The Elections of 1824 & 1828 John Quincy Adams video

Secof of 1824 Treasury Sec The of State Election under Monroe n The election of 1824 was a 4 -way race among Dem-Republicans: –John Quincy Adams represented New England –William Crawford represented the South –Henry Clay & Andrew Jackson represented the West Not taken seriously at first; Speaker of the butthe “warpopular hero” status n Jackson votemade but House; author ofwon Jackson a nat’l candidate American System not a majority of electoral votes

But, because no one candidate received JQ Adams won NE Adams when 51% ofwon the electoral votes, Housethat of Led tothe charges Henry Clay threw his Reps had to. VA determine the presidential Crawford won but Adams had "bought" support behind himwinnerthe presidency few other Southern states (Corrupt Bargain!!) Clay’s influence was limited to a few western states Jackson did well in the South & the West

J. Q. Adams' Administration n moving Adams had a difficult Nation presidency: towards One exception: – JQ Adams wantedsectionalism to continue the and the National Road nationalist programsstates’ of the “Era of Good rights. Feelings” – Didn’t reward supporters – The depression of 1819 limited the nationalist agenda & few of Adams’ policies became law • He wanted roads, national univ. , canals, observatory mixed reactions

J. Q. Adams' Administration n Adams had a difficult presidency: – A protective tariff was passed to help farmers & industry, but this angered the South – Tried to curb over-speculation of land angered the West – Tried to deal fairly with the Cherokees but the state of Georgia threatened to use force

Jackson Comes to Power n “Jacksonians” prepared for the “Democrats” distinguished themselvesaas election of 1828 by creating well different from the “Nationalist Republicans” national campaign who-organized, had strayed from the Jeffersonian ideal – Jackson (TN) formed a coalition But, these “Jacksonian Democrats” are not Adams’ VP Calhoun (SC), going towith mirror the “Jeffersonian Republicans” Van Buren (NY), & 2 newspaper editors (KY) to rival JQ Adams – Formed the basis of 1 st modern political party, calling themselves the “Democrats” Democrats

Jackson Comes to Power Democrats presented Democrats n The election of 1828 changed Jackson as “Old Hickory, ” painted Adams American politics: uneducated, a hero, a dueler as an out-of& a –man of the people touch aristocrat Showed the effectiveness of political parties in elections – It was the 1 st election with overt mudslinging & propaganda – Exciting appeals to average the (public rallies & barbeques) “Ms. man Jackson is a bigamist” &Jackson “Ms. Adams is athe bastard” n won election as a “common man of the people”

Jackson’s & rowdy inauguration Who wild is Andrew Jackson?

Jackson Comes to Power n Jackson was a popular candidate but it was not clear what type of president Jackson would be: –Jackson’s supporters wanted states’ rights & limited gov’t –During the campaign, Jackson never clarified his stand on major issues: banks, tariffs, etc. –Only stood for Indian removal

Conclusions n In the 1820 s & 1830 s, America became more democratic: –Westward expansion facilitated the expansion of suffrage for common white men –Led to unprecedented voter participation by citizens –Allowed for a new breed of “common man” politicians to come to power

n Review Questions: Questions –What did the term common man mean in the early 19 th century? –In what ways were Presidents Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, & Monroe different from the “common man”?