n Essential Question How did Jefferson his agrarian

n. Essential Question: – How did Jefferson & his “agrarian republicanism” help forge a new national identity after the “Revolution of 1800”? n. Reading Quiz Ch 9 A (270 -285)

America in 1800: Society & Economy

Spain controlled thewas most territory North America in 1800 In 1800, the USA a new & in North America withsharing valuable cities. America like Mexico City, weak nation North New St Louis, & Los Angeles with Orleans, other European powers But, Spain’s hold on these territories was slipping British wasthe sparsely populated, but Russia Canada dominated itsfur control over the fur trade & Great Lakes trade in Alaska France ruled Haiti & gained Louisiana from frustrated westward-bound Americans Spain in 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars

From 1800 to 1810, the U. S. major The United in had 1800 Intense migration to. States the …and cities, like Cincinnati population growth; Grew trans-Appalachian West by 2 million people (after 1790 Fallen which after led. Timbers) to new states used the Mississippi & Ohio Rivers (1803) for trade Kentucky (1792) Many western settlers were concerned that Spain Tennessee (1796) controlled New Orleans

Cotton quickly became the dominant The U. S. Economy in 1800 th century Southern crop of the 19 By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly entrenched the Cotton production involved. South’s in agriculture “need” for slaves & expedited Northern industrialism The Southern economy was dominated by rice & tobacco cultivation Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 allowed for a cotton boom in the South

U. S. economy Economy 1800 By 1800, The Northern was in more diverse industrialization than the South, was butjust most Americans were beginning in cultivating America livestock & grains involved in By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture Boston, NY, Philadelphia relied on international trade, otherwise cities played a marginal role (only 5% of Samuel Slaterlived designed cotton-spinning factories Americans in cities) in NE; but most textiles were homemade

Jefferson as President (Take Notes on Jefferson Video)

Jefferson as President n. Jefferson entered office after the “revolution of 1800” with a clear political ideology & goals: – To reduce size &would cost of gov’t However, Jefferson have to & compromise many of his agrarianism ideological promote republican principles to be an effective president – To repeal key Federalist policies (Alien & Sedition Acts & John Adams’ midnight appointments of key Federalist judges) – To maintain international peace

Jeffersonian Reforms All federal revenue was generated n. Jefferson’s wastaxes to reduce exclusivelypriority by shipping the role of the national gov’t & But…Jefferson approved of the creation return key decisions to the states of the Army Corps of Engineers & the n. Jefferson worked withat. Congress U. S. Military Academy West Point to – Repeal all excise taxes – Reduced the army by 50% & retired most naval ships – Eliminate all national debt – Did not renew the charter of the BUS (The bank will die in 1811)

Adams’ Midnight Appointments n. Before leaving office, John Adams signed the Judiciary Act of 1801 creating new federal courts which Who will become the Adams filled with loyal Federalists greatest Supreme Court chiefappointments” justice ever! – These “midnight were an obvious attempt to fill the courts with partisan judges – The most important Adams’ appointee was John Marshall as Chief Justice of Supreme Court

Adams’ Midnight Appointments Federalists claim that Marbury’s denial of his appointment was a violation Constitution n. In 1802, Republicans repealed the Marbury should only be removed if he Judiciary Act of 1801 & abolished committed a “high crime or misdemeanor” these new federal courts Marshall & the Supreme Court established – William Marbury sued to the precedent of Judicial Review: the Supreme because he was Supreme Court has. Court the authority to determine the constitutionality of Congressional actions denied his appointment – In Marbury v. Madison (1803), Marshall & the court ruled against Marbury that Congress could deny this appointment

The Louisiana Purchase n. In 1801, France gained Louisiana from Spain & seemed ready to create an empire in North America – But, the Haitian revolution & cost of European wars led Napoleon to lose interest in America – In 1803, Jefferson negotiated with France to buy New Orleans, but Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million

The Louisiana Purchase n. Jeffersonian contradictions: – The Constitution was vague on which branch had the authority Republicans feared to purchase newgiving landsthe mostly French & Spanish residents of New – Jefferson abandoned “strict Orleans authority in a territorial assembly construction” to buy Louisiana – Jefferson signed the Louisiana Gov’t Act which denied self-rule to Louisiana residents

Thereport Louisiana Purchase The from the Lewis &&Clark Meriwether Lewis & William Clark were expedition reaffirmed faith in the future the Lewis & Clark Expedition commissioned to explore the Louisiana territory economic prosperity of the U. S. Left St. Louis in May 1804 & reached the Pacific in Nov 1805 Goal #1: Determine if the Missouri River flowed to the Pacific Ocean Goal #2: Collect data on flora & fauna

Native American Resistance n. The Louisiana Purchase increased tensions with Indians: – Americans rejected coexistence with Indians – Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee & other tribes to stop selling land & to avoid contact with whites – Jefferson hoped to “civilize” Indians into yeoman farmers & planned for a vast reservation west of the Mississippi River

(1801 -1805) In. The 1801, Barbary Jefferson. War dispatched the U. S. fleet to “negotiate through…a cannon” n. The North African “Barbary states” Ademanded successful naval blockade to peace tribute from led trade shipstreaty & gained America international. Sea respect sailing in the Mediterranean

Jefferson’s Second Term

Jefferson’s Reelection n. Jefferson ended his 1 st term as a very popular president: – He maintained internat’l peace with England & France despite continued denial of neutrality – Reduced taxes for Americans – Doubled the size of the U. S. n. In 1804, Jefferson was re-elected as president & the Republicans took the majority in Congress

Despite his electoral victory, serious divisions divided Jefferson’s second term as president

Division in the Republican Party n The decline of the Federalists The Jeffersonian & Quid factions suspended the two-party became separate parties by system: 1824 – Led to Republican dominance in National Republicans Jacksonians became national. Party politicswere from 1800 -1820 absorbed into the Democratic the Whig – But…without a clear party. Party to oppose, many Republicans began attacking Jefferson’s policies The “Virginia Dynasty” Republicans (Jefferson, Madison, – The Tertium (“nothings”), controlled both Quids Monroe) dominated the housescriticized of Congress Jefferson’s betrayal executive branchof strict construction & sacrifice of virtue to get results as president

The Yazoo Controversy n. Jefferson endured heavy criticism Together with Marbury v Madison, the Supreme Court defined itself as a due to the Yazoo Land Fraud: legitimate 3 rd branch of gov’t – Corrupt GA politicians sold 35 The case established an million acres of land to insiders Again, it’s the important precedent: at ridiculously low prices Marshall Court Supreme Court can nullify any – Quids attacked Jefferson unconstitutional statefor laws allowing defrauded individuals to keep lands they bought – In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the Supreme Court allowed purchasers to keep these lands

Lands Associated with the Yazoo Land Fraud

The Slave Trade n. At the Philadelphia Convention, slavery was tabled until 1808 n. In Dec 1806, Jefferson urged Congress to prepare a slave law: – Southerners furiously argued against any slavery legislation – Congress passed a law that ended the slave trade in 1808, but smugglers were to be turned over to local authorities

ARenewed war would be too expensive & Conflict Overseas destroy his plans for a small gov’t n. In 1803, England & France The embargo hurt The embargo did not resumed their war & violated U. S. the NE economy hurt England or France neutrality rights by seizing ships & Exports fell from $108 million in 1807 impressing American to just $22 million insailors: 1808 – Jefferson refused to declare war Required huge gov’t oversight & an expensive to suppress smuggling on eitherarmy England or France – In 1807, Jefferson approved a very unpopular embargo that prohibited U. S. merchants from trading with England or France

Conclusions n. During Jefferson’s two terms: – The U. S. doubled in size, saw huge population growth, & experienced western expansion – The role of government shrank – The Jefferson presidency led to a divisive, politically partisan era – The U. S. grew closer to internat’l war due to failed attempts at reconciliation with Europe

Discussion Question n Was Jefferson a hypocrite who compromised his political ideals OR a pragmatic leader who became more flexible as president? – Examine each of Jefferson’s key decisions & determine which decisions were hypocritical & which were pragmatic n How does Jefferson’s presidency compare with Washington’s?