n Essential Question How did Jefferson his agrarian

n. Essential Question: – How did Jefferson & his “agrarian republicanism” help forge a new national identity after the “Revolution of 1800”?

America in 1800: Society & Economy

Spain controlled the most territory in North America in&1800 In 1800, the USA was a new America withsharing valuable cities. America like Mexico City, weak nation North New St Louis, & Los Angeles with Orleans, other European powers But, Spain’s hold on these territories was slipping British wasthe sparsely populated, but Russia Canada dominated itsfur control over the fur trade & Great Lakes trade in Alaska France ruled Haiti & gained Louisiana from frustrated westward-bound Americans Spain in 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars

From 1800 to 1810, the U. S. had major The United States in 1800 Intense migration to the …and cities, like Cincinnati population growth; Grew by 2 million people trans-Appalachian West which used the Mississippi after to new &1790 Ohioled Rivers for states trade Ohio (1803) Kentucky (1792) Many western settlers were concerned that Spain Tennessee (1796) controlled New Orleans

Cotton became the dominant Thequickly U. S. Economy in 1800 th century Southern crop of the 19 By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly entrenched the Cotton production involved. South’s in agriculture “need” for slaves & expedited Northern industrialism The Southern economy was dominated by rice & tobacco cultivation Eli Whitney’s cotton gin in 1793 allowed for a cotton boom in the South

The U. S. Economy in 1800 By 1800, The Northern economy was more diverse industrialization than the South, was butjust most Americans were beginning in cultivating America livestock & grains involved in By 1810, 84% of Americans were directly involved in agriculture Boston, NY, Philadelphia relied on international trade, otherwise cities played a marginal role (only 5% of Samuel Slaterlived designed cotton-spinning factories Americans in cities) in NE; but far more textiles were homemade

Jefferson as President

Jefferson as President n. Jefferson entered office after the “revolution of 1800” with a clear political ideology & with goals: However, Jefferson have to & – To reduce size &would cost of gov’t compromise many of his ideological promote republican agrarianism principles to be an effective president – To repeal key Federalist policies (Alien & Sedition Acts & John Adams’ midnight appointments) – To maintain international peace

The Silent Revolution n At a time in world history when changes in political power were often accompanied by bloody revolutions, the election of 1800 is significant because the main power of the US government, the presidency, was shifted from the Federalist party to the Republican party with no violence and/or protests involved – Jefferson realized this significance and in his inaugural address he stated that “we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

Jeffersonian Reforms n. Jefferson’s priority was to reduce the role of theapproved national & But…Jefferson of gov’t the creation of the Army Corps of Engineers & the return key decisions to the states US Military Academy at West Point – Repealed all excise taxes on Americans & relied on shipping taxes to generate revenue – Slashed military spending, reduced the army by 50%, & retired most naval ships – Eliminated all national debt

Adams’ Midnight Appointments n. Before leaving office, John Adams signed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which created new circuit courts Who will become the filled with loyal. Supreme Federalists: greatest Court chief justice ever! – These “midnight appointments” were an obvious attempt to fill the courts with partisan judges – The most important Adams’ appointee was John Marshall as Chief Justice of Supreme Court

Adams’ Appointments Federalists. Midnight charged this was a violation Constitution n. In 1802, Republicans repealed the Can only commit Judiciary Act be of removed 1801 & ifabolished “high crimes or misdemeanors” these&new federal Court courtsestablished Marshall the Supreme the precedent of Judicial Review: the – William Marbury sued to the Supreme Court has the authority to determine Supreme Court because he was the constitutionality of Congressional actions denied his appointment – In Marbury v. Madison (1803), Marshall & the court ruled against Marbury that Congress could deny this appointment

The Louisiana Purchase n. In 1801, France gained Louisiana from Spain & seemed ready to create an empire in North America – But, the Haitian revolution & cost of European wars led Napoleon to lose interest in America – In 1803, Jefferson negotiated with France to buy New Orleans, but Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million

The Louisiana Purchase n. Jeffersonian contradictions: – The Constitution was vague on which branch had the authority Republicans feared to purchase newgiving landsthe mostly French & Spanish residents of New – Jefferson abandoned “strict Orleans authority in a territorial assembly construction” to buy Louisiana – Jefferson signed the Louisiana Gov’t Act which denied self-rule to Louisiana residents

Louisiana & The report from the Purchase Lewis & Clark Meriwether Lewis William Clark were expedition reaffirmed faith in the future the Lewis &&Clark Expedition commissioned to explore the Louisiana territory economic prosperity of the U. S. Left St. Louis in May 1804 & reached the Pacific in Nov 1805 Goal #1: Determine if the Missouri River flowed to the Pacific Ocean Goal #2: Collect data on flora & fauna

Native American Resistance n. The Louisiana Purchase increased tensions with Indians: – Americans rejected coexistence with Indians – Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee & other tribes to stop selling land & to avoid contact with whites – Jefferson hoped to “civilize” Indians into yeoman farmers & planned for a vast reservation west of the Mississippi River

The. Jefferson Barbarydispatched War (1801 -1805) In 1801, the U. S. fleet to “negotiate through…a cannon” n. The North African “Barbary states” A successful naval tribute blockadefrom led totrade peaceships treaty demanded &sailing gained America international respect in the Mediterranean Sea

Jefferson’s Second Term

Jefferson’s Reelection n. Jefferson ended his 1 st term as a very popular president: – He maintained internat’l peace with England & France despite continued denial of neutrality – Reduced taxes for Americans – Doubled the size of the U. S. n. In 1804, Jefferson was reelected as president & the Republicans took the majority in Congress

Despite his electoral victory, serious divisions divided Jefferson’s second term as president

Division in the Republican Party n. The decline of the Federalists The Jeffersonian & Quid factions suspended the two-party system: became separate parties by 1824 – Led to Republican dominance in National Republicans Jacksonians became national politics from 1800 -1820 were absorbed into the Democratic Party the Whig Party – But…without a clear party to oppose, many Republicans, The “Virginia Dynasty” began attacking Jefferson Republicans (Jefferson, Madison, controlled both Quids – The Tertium (“nothings”), Monroe) dominated the houses of Congress criticized Jefferson’s betrayal executive branchof strict construction & sacrifice of virtue to get results as president

The Yazoo Controversy n. Jefferson endured heavy criticism Together with Marbury v Madison, the Supreme Court defined itself as a due to the Yazoo Land Fraud: legitimate 3 rd branch of gov’t – Corrupt GA politicians sold 35 The case established an million acres of land to insiders Again, it’s the important precedent: at ridiculously low prices Marshall Court Supreme Court can nullify any – Quids attacked Jefferson unconstitutional statefor laws allowing defrauded individuals to keep lands they bought – In Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the Supreme Court allowed purchasers to keep these lands

The Slave Trade n. At the Philadelphia Convention, slavery was tabled until 1808 n. In Dec 1806, Jefferson urged Congress to prepare a slave law: – Southerners furiously argued against any slavery legislation – Congress passed a law that ended the slave trade in 1808, but smugglers were to be turned over to local authorities

ARenewed war would be too expensive & Conflict Overseas destroy his plans for a small gov’t n. In 1803, England & France The embargo their hurt war The& embargo did. U. S. not resumed violated the NE economy hurt England or France neutrality rights by seizing ships & Required huge gov’t oversight impressing American sailors: & an expensive army to suppress smuggling – Jefferson refused to declare war on either England or France – In 1807, Jefferson approved a very unpopular embargo that prohibited U. S. merchants from trading with England or France

• 1806, Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10 miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship in the region ordered it to stop. • British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered • 3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington Federalist reported, “We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit of the people excited to so great a degree of indignation, or such a thirst for revenge, as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage on the Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and professions were unanimous in their detestation of the dastardly deed, and all cried aloud for vengeance. ” Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British.

Conclusions n During Jefferson’s two terms: – The U. S. doubled in size, saw huge population growth, & experienced western expansion – The role of government shrank – The Jefferson presidency led to a divisive, politically partisan era – The U. S. grew closer to international war due to failed attempts at reconciliation with Europe