Myers Psychology for AP David G Myers Power

Myers’ Psychology for AP* David G. Myers Power. Point Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2010 *AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Unit 9: Developmental Psychology

Unit Overview • • • Prenatal Development and the Newborn Infancy and Childhood Parents and Peers Adolescence Adulthood Reflections on Two Major Developmental Issues Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction • Developmental psychology – a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. – Three major issues – Nature versus nurture – Continuity and stages – Stability and change

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Prenatal Development • Conception • Zygote – the fertilized egg, it enters a 2 -week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. • Embryo – the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. • Fetus – the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Prenatal Development and the Newborn Life is sexually transmitted

Prenatal Development and the Newborn 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Prenatal Development • Placenta - provides oxygen and nutrients to your growing baby and removes waste products from your baby's blood. • Teratogens – agents, such as chemicals and viruses, can harm the embryo or fetus during prenatal development.

Prenatal Development Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.

The Competent Newborn • Reflexes – Rooting – Moro – Babinski – Palmer Grasp

The Competent Newborn • Habituation decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity their interest wanes and they look away sooner. – Novelty-preference procedure

Prenatal Development and the Newborn § Preferences § human voices and faces § facelike images--> § smell and sound of mother preferred

Infancy & Childhood

Physical Development Brain Development • Brain development • Pruning process • Maturation biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Physical Development Motor Development • Motor development – Learning to walk • Sit-up • Crawl • Stand • Walk

Physical Development Maturation and Infant Memory • Infantile amnesia – no memories before age three

Cognitive Development • Cognition – all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. • Jean Piaget – Swiss psychologist Theory of Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development – Schema • a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. – Assimilation • interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. – Accommodation • adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Sensorimotor Stage – Object permanence • “out of sight, out of mind”

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Sensorimotor Stage – Object permanence • “out of sight, out of mind”

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Sensorimotor Stage – Object permanence • “out of sight, out of mind”

Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development • Babies are Stupid

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Preoperational Stage – Conservation

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Preoperational Stage – Conservation

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Preoperational Stage – Conservation

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Egocentrism – in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Conservation

Cognitive Development • Concrete Operational Stage – Piaget’s stage of cognitive development ( 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Formal Operational Stage – Abstract concepts

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking The Bill of rights Peek-a-boo Addition & subtraction Nursery rhymes

Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Theory of Mind – people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. • Lev Vygotsky – social learning tends to precede (i. e. come before) development. – Zone of proximal development • difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help – i. e. dancing

Cognitive Development Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory • Influential theory • Development is more continuous • Larger emphasis on social factors

Cognitive Development • Autism – a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other’s states of mind.

Social Development Origins of Attachment • Attachment – Body contact • Harry Harlow’s – Familiarity • Critical period • Imprinting – Konrad Lorenz studies

Social Development Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting • Mary Ainsworth’s “strange situation” – Secure attachment – Insecure attachment – Disorganized Attachment

Social Development Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting • Mary Ainsworth’s “strange situation”

Social Development • Stranger anxiety – the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Social Development Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting • Temperament – a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. – Easy, difficult & slow to warm up babies • Fearful 2 yr. olds – shy 8 yr. olds • Intense preschoolers – intense adults • Erikson’s Basic trust – a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. – Securely attached children – basic trust

Social Development Deprivation of Attachment • Early deprivation of attachment – Leaves trauma to the brain • Disruption of attachment – Trauma – can recover if put in good environment • Does day care affect attachment? – High quality – no / poor quality - yes

Social Development Self-Concept • Self-concept – our understanding and evaluation of who we are. – Self-esteem – Self-awareness

Social Development Parenting Styles • Parenting styles (Baumrind) – Authoritarian – Permissive – Authoritative • Correlation versus causation

Social Development Culture and Child-Rearing • Differences in child-rearing from culture to culture – Western – independent – Eastern – compliant – Key – warm, authoritative

Social Development • Erikson – 8 Ages of Man – 8 stages – Social task to complete – Creates a crisis – Resolve the crisis

Erikson’s 8 Ages of Man Stage Name & Ages Social Crisis Developmental Task Oral-Sensory – Birth to 18 mo. Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding

Erikson’s 8 Ages of Man Stage Name & Ages Social Crisis Developmental Task Oral-Sensory – Birth to 18 mo. Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Muscular – Anal – 18 mos. to 3 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Toilet Training

Erikson’s 8 Ages of Man Stage Name & Ages Social Crisis Developmental Task Oral-Sensory – Birth to 18 mo. Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Muscular – Anal – 18 mos. to 3 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Toilet Training Locomotor – 3 to 6 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt Independent Play

Erikson’s 8 Ages of Man Stage Name & Ages Social Crisis Developmental Task Oral-Sensory – Birth to 18 mo. Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Muscular – Anal – 18 mos. to 3 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Toilet Training Locomotor – 3 to 6 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt Independent Play Latency – 6 to 12 yrs. Industry vs. Inferiority School

Parents and Peers

Parents and Early Experiences • How much credit (or blame) do parents deserve? • Parents - important for education, discipline, responsibility, orderliness, charitableness, and interacting with authority figures.

Peer Influence • Peer influence • Peers- important for learning cooperation, finding popularity, inventing styles of interaction among peers

Adolescence

Introduction • Adolescence – the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Physical Development • Puberty – the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing – Primary sexual characteristics • the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible • Menarche - the first menstrual period. – Secondary sexual characteristics • nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Physical Development

Erikson’s 8 Ages of Man Stage Name & Ages Social Crisis Developmental Task Oral-Sensory – Birth to 18 mo. Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Muscular – Anal – 18 mos. To 3 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Toilet Training Locomotor – 3 to 6 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt Independent Play Latency – 6 to 12 yrs. Industry vs. Inferiority School Adolescence – 12 to 18 yrs. Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity Formation/ Peer Relationships

Social Development • Forming an identity – Identity • our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. – Social identity • the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I? ” that comes from our group memberships. – Intimacy • in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Emerging Adulthood • Emerging adulthood – for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and adulthood.

Moral Development

Cognitive Development Developing Morality Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Ladder Postconventional level Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards § As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world.

Adulthood

Physical Development • Physical changes in middle adulthood – Menopause • the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. • Physical changes in later life – Life expectancy – Sensory abilities – Health – Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease • Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior.

Social Development Adulthood’s Ages and Stages • Midlife transition • Social clock – the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Adulthood: Physical Development • 1 Jeff Hegeman 11. 33 • 50 - 54 • 1 Steve Davis 11. 80 • 55 - 59 • 1 Rich Chess 13. 50 • 60 - 64 • 1 Frank Schukar 14. 40 • 65 - 69 • 1 Edward Patterson 15. 60 70 - 74 • 1 James Wagner 16. 06 • 75 - 79 • 1 Elmer Murman 18. 30 • over 85

Physical Development Adulthood’s Ages and Stages

Cognitive Development Aging and Intelligence • Cross-Sectional Evidence – Cross-sectional study • a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. • Longitudinal Evidence – Longitudinal study • research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Cognitive Development Aging and Intelligence • It all depends – Crystallized intelligence • our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. – Fluid intelligence • our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Erikson’s 8 Ages of Man Stage Name & Ages Social Crisis Developmental Task Oral-Sensory – Birth to 18 mo. Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Muscular – Anal – 18 mos. To 3 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Toilet Training Locomotor – 3 to 6 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt Independent Play Latency – 6 to 12 yrs. Industry vs. Inferiority School Adolescence – 12 to 18 yrs. Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity Formation/ Peer Relationships Young Adulthood 19 to 40 yrs. Love Relationships Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson’s 8 Ages of Man Stage Name & Ages Social Crisis Developmental Task Oral-Sensory – Birth to 18 mo. Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Muscular – Anal – 18 mos. To 3 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Toilet Training Locomotor – 3 to 6 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt Independent Play Latency – 6 to 12 yrs. Industry vs. Inferiority School Adolescence – 12 to 18 yrs. Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity Formation/ Peer Relationships Young Adulthood 19 to 40 yrs. Intimacy vs. Isolation Love Relationships Middle Adulthood 40 – 65 yrs. Generativity vs. Stagnation Parenting

Erikson’s 8 Ages of Man Stage Name & Ages Social Crisis Developmental Task Oral-Sensory – Birth to 18 mo. Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding Muscular – Anal – 18 mos. To 3 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Toilet Training Locomotor – 3 to 6 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt Independent Play Latency – 6 to 12 yrs. Industry vs. Inferiority School Adolescence – 12 to 18 yrs. Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity Formation/ Peer Relationships Young Adulthood 19 to 40 yrs. Intimacy vs. Isolation Love Relationships Middle Adulthood 40 – 65 yrs. Generativity vs. Stagnation Parenting Maturity – 65 - Death Ego integrity vs. Despair Reflection on and Acceptance of One’s Life

Cognitive Development-Aging and Memory • Recall versus recognition • Prospective memory – remembering to perform intended actions in the future, or simply, remembering to remember.

Social Development Well-Being Across the Life Span • Well-being across the life span • Death and dying

Social Development Adulthood Commitments • Love • Work

The End

Adulthood: Cognitive Development Reasoning ability score 60 Cross-sectional method suggests decline 55 50 45 Longitudinal method suggests more stability 40 35 25 32 39 46 53 60 67 74 81 Age in years Cross-sectional method Longitudinal method

Adulthood: Cognitive Development 100 Percent 90 of names recalled 80 Older age groups have poorer performance 70 60 50 40 After two introductions 30 20 After one 10 introductions 0 18 40 50 60 Age group § Recalling new names After three introductions introduced once, twice, or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & 70 West, 1990).

Adulthood: Cognitive Development Number 24 Of words remembered 20 16 12 8 4 0 § In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), Number of words the ability to recall recognized is stable with age new information declined during early and middle Number of words adulthood, but the recalled declines with age ability to recognize new information did 20 30 40 50 60 70 not. Age in years

Adulthood- Cognitive Development Intelligence (IQ) score 105 Verbal scores are stable with age 100 95 90 85 Nonverbal scores decline with age 80 75 20 25 Verbal scores Nonverbal scores 35 45 Age group 55 65 § Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline 70 (adapted from Kaufman & others, 1989).

Gender Development • Gender – in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

Gender Development Gender Similarities and Differences • Gender and aggression – Aggression • physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. • Physical versus relational aggression • Gender and social power • Gender and social connectedness

Gender Development The Nature of Gender • Sex chromosomes – X chromosome • the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. – Y chromosome • the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. • Sex hormones – Testosterone

Gender Development The Nurture of Gender • Gender Role – Role • Gender and child rearing – Gender identity – Gender typing • Social learning theory

Gender Development The Nurture of Gender

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Definition Slides

Developmental Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Zygote = the fertilized egg, it enters a 2 -week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Embryo = the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Fetus = the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Teratogens = agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) = physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.

Habituation = decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Maturation = biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Cognition = all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Schema = a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Assimilation = interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Accommodation = adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Sensorimotor Stage = Piaget’s stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Object Permanence = the awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived.

Preoperational Stage = Piaget’s stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. .

Conservation = the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Egocentrism = in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Theory of Mind = people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Concrete Operational Stage = Piaget’s stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Formal Operational Stage = Piaget’s stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Autism = a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other’s states of mind.

Stranger Anxiety = the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Attachment = an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Critical Period = an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

Imprinting = the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Temperament = a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Basic Trust = according to Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Self-concept = our understanding and evaluation of who we are.

Gender = in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

Aggression = physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

X Chromosome = the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Y Chromosome =the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Role = a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Gender Role = a set of unexpected behaviors for males or females.

Gender Identity = our sense of being male or female.

Gender Typing = the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Social Learning Theory = theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Adolescence = the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Puberty = the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Primary Sexual Characteristics = the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible.

Secondary Sex Characteristics = nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Menarche = the first menstrual period.

Identity = our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Social Identify = the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I? ” that comes from our group memberships.

Intimacy = in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Emerging Adulthood = for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

Menopause = the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Cross-sectional Study = a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Longitudinal Study = research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

Crystallized Intelligence = our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Fluid Intelligence = our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Social Clock = the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.