Myasthenia Gravis Sanika Pelnekar and Hannah Min What

What is Myasthenia Gravis? ❖ chronic autoimmune neuromuscular ➢ antibodies/lymphocytes vs body ➢ nerve

Who gets affected? ❖ all ethnic groups + sexes ❖ commonly in young adult

Causes ❖ acetylcholine (ACh) (neurotransmitter) → electric flow → muscle contraction ❖ B-cells target

❖ can affect any muscle ❖ most affected: controls eye/eyelid, facial expression, swallowing ❖

Diagnosis and Tests ❖ diagnosis: ➢ hard to diagnose ➢ doc. check - symptoms,

Treatments ❖ remission ❖ lifestyle: ➢ rest ➢ stress, heat ➢ healthy eating ➢

Treatments ❖ medication: ➢ anti-acetylcholine, cholinesterase inhibitors - comm. ➢ corticosteroids, immunosuppressant agents -

Bibliography ❖ https: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/myastheniagravis. html ❖ http: //womenshealth. gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/myastheniagravis. html ❖

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Myasthenia Gravis Sanika Pelnekar and Hannah Min

What is Myasthenia Gravis? ❖ chronic autoimmune neuromuscular ➢ antibodies/lymphocytes vs body ➢ nerve signals → muscles ❖ weak muscle, rapid fatigue (voluntary) ❖ breakdown norm. comm.

Who gets affected? ❖ all ethnic groups + sexes ❖ commonly in young adult women (under 40) and older men (over 60) ❖ but can still occur at any age ❖ not hereditary or contagious (rarely more than one occurrence in a family) ❖ neonatal myasthenia

Causes ❖ acetylcholine (ACh) (neurotransmitter) → electric flow → muscle contraction ❖ B-cells target receptor ❖ antibody detecting test ❖ muscle-specific kinase (Mu. SK) (organise receptors; detectable) ❖ no cures, theories - trigger

❖ can affect any muscle ❖ most affected: controls eye/eyelid, facial expression, swallowing ❖ diff. people, diff. levels muscle weakness ❖ symptoms include: ➢ drooping eyelids ➢ shortness of breath ➢ blurred/double vision ➢ walking problems ➢ change in facial expression ➢ hard time swallowing ➢ weakness in limbs, neck, hands ➢ trouble talking ❖ sometimes sudden, symptoms not usually immediately recognised Signs/Symptoms

Diagnosis and Tests ❖ diagnosis: ➢ hard to diagnose ➢ doc. check - symptoms, med. hist. , phys. exam. ❖ phys. exam: ➢ Antibody Blood Tests ➢ Office Tests ➢ Repetitive Stimulation ➢ Single Fibre Electromyography (EMG) ➢ Computed Tomography (CT) / Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Treatments ❖ remission ❖ lifestyle: ➢ rest ➢ stress, heat ➢ healthy eating ➢ planning ➢ safety precautions

Treatments ❖ medication: ➢ anti-acetylcholine, cholinesterase inhibitors - comm. ➢ corticosteroids, immunosuppressant agents - activity ❖ surgical: ➢ plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) ➢ thymectomy ■ open ■ minimally invasive ● video-assisted ● robot-assisted

Bibliography ❖ https: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/myastheniagravis. html ❖ http: //womenshealth. gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/myastheniagravis. html ❖ http: //www. mayoclinic. org/diseases-conditions/myastheniagravis/basics/definition/CON-20027124? p=1 ❖ https: //www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/myastheniagravis. html ❖ http: //www. myasthenia. org/Whatis. MG/Test. Diagnosticmethods. aspx ❖ http: //www. mayoclinic. org/tests-procedures/electroconvulsivetherapy/basics/definition/PRC-20014183? p=1 ❖ http: //ghr. nlm. nih. gov/condition/myasthenia-gravis