My Biology WarmUp Notebook Student Directions We will

My Biology Warm-Up Notebook Student Directions: We will be keeping a notebook of all of our warm-up and review activities for the entire school year. This will be the title page for your notebook. Cut out the box to the left and place this on the first page of your notebook. Grab your markers and/or colored pencils and start decorating. Draw a picture of “what biology means to me” under the title. Make this your own page full of color. Name: © Amy Brown Science

All About Me My favorite activity is: _________________ My favorite food is: __________________ My favorite thing about school is: ______________________________________ The thing I fear the most is: _______________ When I grow up I would like to: _______________________________________ Student Directions: Help me get to know you! Cut out the box to the left and place this on the second page of your notebook. Answer these questions about yourself so that I might get to know you a bit better. In ten years I picture myself: ________________________________________ If I could travel to any place I would choose to go to: ______________________________ The thing that I would most love to try is: ___________________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Student Directions: This is the “Table of Contents” for your warm-up notebook. Cut out the box to the left and place on page 3 of your notebook. For the rest of the school year, you will be adding a warm-up activity to your notebook most every day. Please add each new activity to the table of contents. Be sure to number the pages of your notebook. Your teacher may ask you to add more than one table of contents in order to have enough room to complete the year. © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: Class Expectations © Amy Brown Science

Name _____________ Date _____ Teacher Answer Key Concept Covered: Class Expectations © Amy Brown Science

Name _____________ Date _____ Concept Covered: The Study of Life All living things share a set of common characteristics. List these characteristics in the space below. ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Define the following: Ø Biology: _______________________ Ø Cell: ____________________________________________________ Ø Homeostasis: ____________________ Teacher Answer Key Characteristics of Life: • All living things are made of cells. • All living things reproduce. • All living things are based on a genetic code called DNA. • All living things grow and develop. • All living things obtain and use materials and energy. • All living things respond to their environment. • All living things maintain an internal homeostasis. • All living things evolve, or change, over time. Ø Biology is the study of life. Ø A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can be considered alive. Ø Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment. __________________________ Ø Metabolism: _______________________________________________ What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? __________________________ © Amy Brown Science Ø Metabolism is the sum total of all the chemical reactions inside the cell. In sexual reproduction, offspring are produced from the gametes of two parents. In asexual reproduction, a single parent produces offspring that are identical to itself. © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: Redi’s Experiment 1. What is the independent variable? ___________________________________________________ 2. What is the dependent variable? ___________________________________________________ 3. What factors are constant in both groups? ___________________________________________________________________ 4. What conclusion can be reached by this experiment? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Name _____________ Date _____ Teacher Answer Key Concept Covered: Redi’s Experiment 1. What is the independent variable? _____________________________________ 2. What is the dependent variable? ____________ 1. The independent variable is the presence or absence of the gauze covering. 1. The dependent variable is whether or not maggots appeared in the meat. 1. Factors that were kept constant: Same jars, same type of meat, temperature, lighting. 1. Conclusion: Maggots are not produced by spontaneous generation. Maggots appear when flies lay their eggs on rotted meat. __________________________ 3. What factors are constant in both groups? __________________________________ 4. What conclusion can be reached by this experiment? ___________________________________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: Cell Structure 101 1. Cells are classified into two broad categories. Name these two categories. ___________________________________________ 2. Cells are divided into the above two categories based on what factors? ____________________________________________________ 3. List characteristics of prokaryotic cells. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. List characteristics of eukaryotic cells. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Give examples of prokaryotic cells. ________________________ 6. Give examples of eukaryotic cells. ________________________ 7. Despite the differences between these two groups, all cells have two characteristics in common. List these two characteristics. ____________________________________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Name _____________ Date _____ Concept Covered: Cell Structure 101 Teacher Answer Key 1. Cells are classified into two broad categories. Name these two categories. ______________________ 1. Two categories of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. 2. Cells are divided into the above two categories based on what factors? _______________________ 2. Cells are placed into these categories based on whether they have a “true” membrane bound nucleus as well as other membrane bound organelles. __________________________ 3. List characteristics of prokaryotic cells. _____________________________________ 3. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and more primitive than eukaryotic cells. They do not have a “true” nucleus. They have no membrane bound organelles. Many of their chemical reactions take place along the cell membrane. ____________________________________________________ 4. List characteristics of eukaryotic cells. _____________________________________ 4. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane as well as many membrane bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi, ER, vacuoles). ____________________________________________________ 5. Give examples of prokaryotic cells. ____________ 6. Give examples of eukaryotic cells. ____________ 7. Despite the differences between these two groups, all cells have two characteristics in common. List these two characteristics. __________________________ 1. The bacteria and archaebacteria are prokaryotic. 2. All cells other than bacteria and archaebacteria are eukaryotic. 1. All cells are surrounded by a barrier called a cell membrane. All cells contain genetic material in the form of DNA. __________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: Cell Structure 101 Concept Covered: 6 Kingdoms 1. Recently the 5 Kingdom system was changed to a 6 Kingdom System. Which Kingdom was split _______________________ 2. What evidence was this big change the result of _____________ 3. What characteristic can be used to identify if a single celled organism is a protist or a bacteria/archea ____________________________________________________ 4. Complete the table below for the three multicellular eukaryotic Kingdoms Animal Fungi Plant Cell Wall Energy step 1 Energy step 2 4. Explain why the characteristics of the 3 Kingdoms above are all observed in Protista. ______________________________________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Teacher Answer Key 1. Kingdom Monera (all bacteria) was split into Kingdom Bacteria and Kingdom Archea 2. It was DNA evidence from genome sequencing 3. Protista are eukaryotic cells and Bacteria/Archea are prokaryotic cells 4. Animal – no cell wall, 1 = consumer, 2 = aerobic Fungi – cell wall of chitin 1 = decomposer 2 = aerobic Plantae – cell wall of cellulose 1 = producer 2 = aerobic 5. Protista contains the common ancestors (branches) that led to the three multicellular kingdoms so it has single celled organisms that are very animal like, plant like and fungi like © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: Timeline 1. What major event in Biology history occurred approximately 3. 5 BYA? ____________________________ 2. 1 BYA there is evidence of the first Eukaryotic cells. Prior to this, all life on earth was _____________________. 3. Which cell type does the Endosymbiotic theory seek to explain the evolution of ________________________. 4. Which two organelles are thought to have originated as bacteria cells? _____________________ and ____________________ 5. What evidence swayed science to change the title of the hypothesis to theory __________________________________________________ 6. Examine the image below of the Endosymbiont Theory. Write a summary below _______________________________________________________ 7. Why is the fact that chloroplasts can be removed from a protist and both they and the protist will survive, evidence for the Endosymbiont Theory? ____________________________________________________ 8. In the timeline of life, why does photosynthesis have to come before cellular respiration? ______________________________________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Teacher Answer Key 1. First Cell = Prokaryotic Anaerobic Bacteria 2. All Prokaryotes = all bacteria 3. Evolution of Eukaryotic cells – cells with organelles 4. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 5. Both Mitochondrion and Chloroplasts contain circular DNA (same as bacteria) that is unique to them compared to the DNA of the Nucelus. *FYI you inherit your mitochondrial DNA from your mother only. Hmmm? 6. _________________________________ 7. Why is the fact that chloroplasts can be removed from a protist and both they and the protist will survive, evidence for the Endosymbiont Theory? __________________________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: The Size of Cells 1. How does the size of a prokaryotic cell compare to the size of a eukaryotic cell? ____________________________________________________ 2. What single factor limits the size of most cells? ____________________________________________________ 3. As a cell grows, its _______________ increases more rapidly than its _________________________. 4. Referring to question #3, why is this a problem for a growing cell? ____________________________________________________ 5. Let’s assume that the two cubes seen below represents cells of two different sizes. Let’s further assume that materials can diffuse only 5 mm into the cells. Use a ruler to draw the area of the cell that can be supplied with materials from the outside of the cell. Do this for both cells. Which of the above cells will be more efficient at obtaining needed materials from the environment? Explain. ______________________________________________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Name _____________ Date _____ Teacher Answer Key Concept Covered: The Size of Cells 1. How does the size of a prokaryotic cell compare to the size of a eukaryotic cell? ______________________________________________ 2. What single factor limits the size of most cells? _________________________________ 3. As a cell grows, its ________ increases more rapidly than its _____________. 4. Referring to question #3, why is this a problem for a growing cell? ____________________________________________________ 1. Although there are exceptions, prokaryotes are generally smaller and less complex than eukaryotes. 2. The factor that limits the size of cells is the ratio between the volume and the surface area of the cell. 3. As a cell grows, its volume increases more rapidly than its surface area. 4. This is important because the nutrients, water, and oxygen that a cell needs must enter through its surface. Therefore, as a cell grows larger, the surface area becomes too small to allow these materials to enter the cell quickly enough to meet the needs of the cell. 5. Let’s assume that the two cubes seen below represents cells of two different sizes. Let’s further assume that materials can diffuse only 5 mm into the cells. Use a ruler to draw the area of the cell that can be supplied with materials from the outside of the cell. Do this for both cells. Which of the above cells will be more efficient at obtaining needed materials from the environment? Explain. _____ The smaller cell will be more efficient at moving in needed materials because it has a high surface area to volume ratio. As seen in the diagram above, materials will move farther into the smaller cell, thereby supplying more of the cell with the materials the cell requires. ____________________________________________________ © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: Surface Area to Volume Ratio Determine the surface area to volume ratio of the two “cells” seen below. 2 cm on each side A B Determine the surface area to volume ratio of the two “cells” seen below. 2 cm on each side 3 cm on each side A B 3 cm on each side What is the volume of cell A? (Volume = L x W x H) What is the surface area of cell A? Surface area = 6 (L x W) What is the surface area to volume ratio of cell A? What is the volume of cell B? What is the surface area of cell B? Surface area = 6 (L x W) What is the surface area to volume ratio of cell B? What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as the cell increases in size? How does this affect the cell’s ability to get nutrients and get rid of wastes? What does a cell do to make sure that it does not grow too big? © Amy Brown Science

Name _____________ Date _____ Teacher Answer Key Concept Covered: Surface Area to Volume Ratio Determine the surface area to volume ratio of the two “cells” seen below. 2 cm on each side A B 3 cm on each side 1. What is the volume of cell A? (Volume = L x W x H) 1. V = (2 cm) (2 cm) = 8 cm 3 2. What is the surface area of cell A? Surface area = 6 (L x W) 1. Surface area = 6 (2 cm x 2 cm) = 24 cm 2 3. What is the surface area to volume ratio of cell A? 2. 24/8 = 3: 1 ratio 4. What is the volume of cell B? 1. Volume = (3 cm) = 27 cm 3 5. What is the surface area of cell B? Surface area = 6 (L x W) 2. Surface area = 6 (3 cm x 3 cm) = 54 cm 2 1. 54/27 = 2: 1 ratio 6. What is the surface area to volume ratio of cell B? 7. What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as the cell increases in size? 2. There is a decrease in the surface area to volume ratio as the cell increases in size. 8. How does this affect the cell’s ability to get nutrients and get rid of wastes? 3. As the surface area to volume ratio decreases, it takes longer for the cell to get the nutrients it needs and to get rid of its wastes. This might lead to starvation or poisoning. 9. What does a cell do to make sure that it does not grow too big? 4. It divides. © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: The Cell Membrane 1. What are the functions of the cell membrane? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. The cell membrane is said to be “selectively permeable. ” What does this mean? ____________________________________________________ 3. Scientists today use the “fluid mosaic model” to describe the structure of the cell membrane. Define “fluid mosaic model. ” ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 4. Cell membranes contain proteins. Explain the relationship between cell control and the proteins in the cell membrane © Amy Brown Science

Name _____________ Date _____ Teacher Answer Key Concept Covered: The Cell Membrane 1. What are the functions of the cell membrane? _________________________________ 1. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. It also provides protection and support to the cell. ____________________________________________________ 2. The cell membrane is said to be “selectively permeable. ” What does this mean? ______________________________________________ 3. Scientists today use the “fluid mosaic model” to describe the structure of the cell membrane. Define “fluid mosaic model. ” ____________________________________________________ 4. Cell membranes contain proteins. Explain the relationship between cell control and the proteins in the cell membrane 2. A “selectively permeable membrane” is a membrane that keeps out some molecules, but allows others to pass through. 3. This is a model of cell membrane structure representing the dynamic nature of membrane proteins and lipids. According to this model, the lipid bilayer behaves more like a fluid than a solid. Because of this fluidity, the lipids and proteins can move laterally within the lipid bilayer. 4. Cell control is essentially protein synthesis Genes code for proteins Proteins in the membrane allow substances in/out Make certain proteins or not and the cells genes control what enters and exits the cell Ext: when materials enter the cell, they do so for the sake of chemical reactions – let in certain molecules = specific reactions can occur. . . © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: Energy Flow 1. 2. 3. 4. One of the characteristics of living organisms is that all living things require energy. How might this energy be obtained? ___________________________________________________ Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs. 2. ___________________________________________________ What is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms? ___________________________________________________ Use the words below to fill in the blanks of the paragraph. Some words may be used more than once. Consumer Energy Glucose Heat Photosynthesis Respiration 3. 4. Sunlight Work Consumer Energy Glucose ______ enters the ecosystem in the form of _____. In the process of _________, plants use the light energy to produce ______. The sun’s ______ is stored in the molecule of ______. The _____ moves up the food chain when a ________ eats the plant. The energy of glucose is released by all living things during cellular _________. Some of the energy of glucose is used to do the ____ of the cell, and some of the energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of _____. 5. 1. State the two steps that all organisms must do in order to have energy © Amy Brown Science Heat Photosynthesis Respiration Sunlight Work ______ enters the ecosystem in the form of _____. In the process of _________, plants use the light energy to produce ______. The sun’s ______ is stored in the molecule of ______. The _____ moves up the food chain when a ________ eats the plant. The energy of glucose is released by all living things during cellular _________. Some of the energy of glucose is used to do the ____ of the cell, and some of the energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of _____. 5. State the two steps that all organisms must do in order to have energy © Amy Brown Science

Name _____________ Date _____ Teacher Answer Key Concept Covered: Energy Flow 1. One of the characteristics of living organisms is that all living things require energy. How might this energy be obtained? 1. Ways to obtain energy include: a) producing glucose through photosynthesis / chemosynthesis b) being a consumer of other organisms c) decomposition 2. Autotrophs are organisms that are capable of producing their own food using the energy from the sun or chemicals. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot produce their own food. A heterotroph obtains energy from the foods it consumes. 3. The sun. 4. Energy enters the ecosystem in the form of sunlight. In the process of photosynthesis, plants use the light energy to produce glucose. The sun’s energy is stored in the molecule of glucose. The energy moves up the food chain when a consumer eats the plant. The energy of glucose is released by all living organisms during cellular respiration. Some of energy of glucose is used to do the work of the cell, and some of the energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of heat. 5. They MUST 1 – Obtain a molecule that contains energy in its bonds 2 – extract the energy from that molecule __________________________ 2. __________________________ Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs. __________________________ 3. 4. __________________________ What is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms? __________________________ Use the words below to fill in the blanks of the paragraph. Some words may be used more than once. Consumer Energy Glucose Heat Photosynthesis Respiration Sunlight Work ______ enters the ecosystem in the form of _____. In the process of _________, plants use the light energy to produce ______. The sun’s ______ is stored in the molecule of ______. The _____ moves up the food chain when a ________ eats the plant. The energy of glucose is released by all living things during cellular _________. Some of the energy of glucose is used to do the ____ of the cell, and some of the energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of _____. 5. State the two steps that all organisms must do in order to have energy © Amy Brown Science

Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept Covered: Chemical Energy and ATP 1. What does ADP stand for? ______________________________ 2. What does ATP stand for? ______________________________ 3. What is the difference between these two molecules? ____________________________________________________ 4. A molecule of ATP consists of three parts. Label the three parts in the diagram below. 5. What is the role of ATP in living cells? ____________________________________________________ 6. Use the words below to fill in the blanks of the paragraph. Some words may be used more than once. ADP Removed ATP Store 6. Use the words below to fill in the blanks of the paragraph. Some words may be used more than once. ADP Removed Energy Phosphate Work When energy is available, a cell can ______ small amounts of it by adding a phosphate to ______ to form _______. The addition of the third _______ stores _____. When the cell needs energy, the third ________ is ________, releasing energy. This energy is used to do the _______ of the cell. ATP Store Energy Phosphate Work When energy is available, a cell can ______ small amounts of it by adding a phosphate to ______ to form _______. The addition of the third _______ stores _____. When the cell needs energy, the third ________ is ________, releasing energy. This energy is used to do the _______ of the cell. 7. List cellular activities that require the energy of ATP. © Amy Brown Science

Name _____________ Date _____ Teacher Answer Key Concept Covered: Chemical Energy and ATP 1. What does ADP stand for? _______________ 1. Adenosine diphosphate 2. What does ATP stand for? _______________ 2. Adenosine triphosphate 3. What is the difference between these two molecules? 3. ADP has one less phosphate than does ATP and is energypoor. ATP has the attached third phosphate and is energyrich. 4. The far left: 3 phosphate molecules In the middle: Ribose sugar molecule To the far right: Nitrogen base Adenine 5. ATP is one of the principal chemical compounds that living cells use to store energy. The energy can be released to do the work of the cell. 6. When energy is available, a cell can store small amounts of it by adding a phosphate to ADP to form ATP. The addition of the third phosphate stores energy. When the cell needs energy, the third phosphate is removed, releasing energy. This energy is used to do the work of the cell. 7. Cellular activities include, but are not limited to: photosynthesis, protein synthesis, muscle contraction, active transport. __________________________ 4. A molecule of ATP consists of three parts. Label the three parts in the diagram below. 5. What is the role of ATP in living cells? _____________________________________ 6. Use the words below to fill in the blanks of the paragraph. Some words may be used more than once. ADP Removed ATP Store Energy Phosphate Work When energy is available, a cell can ______ small amounts of it by adding a phosphate to ______ to form _______. The addition of the third _______ stores _____. When the cell needs energy, the third ________ is ________, releasing energy. This energy is used to do the _______ of the cell. 7. List cellular activities that require the energy of ATP. © Amy Brown Science

ATP Name _________________________ Date _________ Concept: Photosynthesis and Respiration Use the words below to fill in the blanks of the paragraph. Some words may be used more than once. 1. 2. 3. 4. ATP Chemical Carbon dioxide Energy 5. 6. 7. 8. Glucose Heat Light Mitochondria 9. 10. 11. 12. Oxygen Photosynthesis Respiration Water Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of ____________ and exits in the form of ______. Energy ________ (is / is not) recycled. The chemical elements essential to life________ (are / are not) recycled. Photosynthesis converts _________ energy from the sun into ______________ energy, which is stored in molecules of _____________. Photosynthesis generates the ____________ and ____________ used by the ____________________ of eukaryotic organisms as fuel for cellular __________________. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose into __________________ and releases the stored ______________ from glucose. Some of this released energy is used to convert ADP to _________, and some is lost to the environment in the form of ___________. The waste materials of respiration, __________________ and _____________, are the raw materials for _____________. © Amy Brown Science

ATP Name _____________ Date _____ Concept: Photosynthesis and Respiration ATP Teacher Answer Key Use the words below to fill in the blanks of the paragraph. Some words may be used more than once. 1. 2. 3. 4. ATP Chemical Carbon dioxide Energy 5. 6. 7. 8. Glucose Heat Light Mitochondria 9. 10. 11. 12. Oxygen Photosynthesis Respiration Water Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of light and Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of ______ and exits in the form of ______. Energy ____ (is / is not) recycled. The chemical elements essential to life____ (are / are not) recycled. Photosynthesis converts _____ energy from the sun into _______ energy, which is stored in molecules of _______. Photosynthesis exits in the form of heat. Energy is not (is / is not) recycled. The chemical elements essential to life are (are / are not) recycled. Photosynthesis converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy, which is stored in molecules of glucose. Photosynthesis generates the ______ and ______ used by the generates the glucose and oxygen used by the __________ of eukaryotic organisms as fuel for mitochondria of eukaryotic organisms as fuel for cellular _________. Cellular respiration breaks respiration. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose into _________ and into carbon dioxide and water and releases the stored ______________ energy from glucose. Some of this released energy is used to convert ADP to ATP, and some is lost to the convert ADP to _____, and some is lost to the environment in the form of heat. The waste materials of environment in the form of ______. The waste respiration, carbon dioxide and water , are the raw materials of respiration, _________ and materials for photosynthesis. _______, are the raw materials for _____________. © Amy Brown Science