MUTATIONS Vukov materil GE 02 60 Tvrce Mgr
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MUTATIONS Výukový materiál GE 02 - 60 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: Th. Mgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ. 1. 07/1. 1. 36/03. 0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR 2014
GENETIC VARIABILITY factors conditioning genetic variability: Ø segregation of chromosomes Ø recombination of chromosomes Ø connecting of pair alleles by fertilization Ø the number of alleles does not changes > gene quality does not change Ø new combinations form Ø
mutations: Ø number of alleles changes or new ones arise Ø quality and quantity of genes changes Ø hereditary changes of genetic information Ø
GENE MUTATIONS impact and change of particular genes Ø their substance is molecular Ø they are caused by: Ø loss of one pair of nucleotides Ø inserting of redundant nucleotid pair Ø exchanging of physiological nucleotide with a non physiological Ø
GENE MUTATIONS change of the codon occurs Ø fault in the proteosynthesis Ø
GENOME MUTATIONS Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø chromosome number in the cell changes polyploidy: it multiplies simple chromosome sets 3 n triploidy 4 n tetraploidy aneuploidy: chromosome number increased or decreased 2 n + 1 trisomy 2 n – 1 monosomy
GENOME MUTATIONS polyploidy : common by plants Ø aneuploidy: Ø always the cause of defects at the health of the host Ø malfunctions of meiosis Ø malfunctions of fertility Ø
GENOME MUTATIONS spontaneous mutations: Ø they arise random Ø very low occurrence Ø indicated mutations: Ø evocated by the activity of so called mutagenic factors Ø
GENOME MUTATIONS physical mutagens: Ø gamma radiation Ø X ray radiation Ø UV radiation Ø chemical mutagens: Ø aromatic chlorine derivates Ø alkaloids Ø cations of heavy metals Ø
MUTATIONS conclusion: Ø the most mutations damage their hosts Ø a part of mutations is of no account Ø an insignificant part of mutations is advantageous for the bearer > Ø internal source of hereditary variability Ø it increases the adaptability of the species Ø basic condition of the evolution Ø
WORKSHEET Determine where is genome mutation
SOURCES Ø CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2. , opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN 978 -80 -7182 -282 -0