Mutations Types of Mutations n MUTATIONS are n

Mutations

Types of Mutations n MUTATIONS are. . n n n Heritable changes in genetic information From the Latin word mutare means ‘to change’ 2 Types: n n Gene Mutations – change in a single gene Chromosomal Mutations – changes in the whole chromosome

Gene Mutations n Also known as POINT MUTATIONS n n Why? Occurs 3 ways: n Substitutions – 1 base is changed to a different base n n Insertion – inserted n n Example: CCC to CCA Example CCC to CCCC Deletion – deleted n Example CCC to CC FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

Gene Mutations

Gene Mutations

Chromosomal Mutations n n Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes 4 ways: n n Deletion – loss of all or part of the chromosome Duplication – produces an extra copy of all or part of the chromosome Inversion – reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome Translocation – part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another

Chromosomal Mutations

Effects of Mutations n Mutagens – environmental factors that cause mutations n Chemicals, toxins, and radiations n Examples of Harmful effects? n Examples of Positive effects?

Harmful n n Disrupts biological functions Disrupts protein function and gene structure Normal Growth and Development Disease n Sickle cell anemia

Beneficial n n n Polyploidy Plants! Resistance to disease Adapt to your environment