MUTATIONS Part One MUTATIONS WHAT ARE THEY MUTATIONS
- Slides: 36
MUTATIONS! Part One
MUTATIONS: WHAT ARE THEY ?
MUTATIONS: w are changes in the genetic material of the cell. w can occur at the level of an individual DNA strand (a point mutation) or to an entire chromosome (a chromosomal mutation)
MUTATIONS: w usually lead to a decrease, rather than an increase, of information. w A loss of information in the cell leads to a loss of some function.
Information is lost….
Information is lost….
Information is lost….
Information is lost….
The loss of information means that most mutations are either harmful or have no effect.
The loss of information means that most mutations are either harmful or have no effect.
The loss of information means that most mutations are either harmful or have no effect.
The loss of information means that most mutations are either harmful or have no effect.
. Now and then a mutation will offer a benefit to an organism.
. However, the idea that a single mutation would lead to a huge, dramatic change in a single generation (like the X-Men characters) is just wrong.
TYPES OF MUTATIONS: w Point mutations are caused by random errors in the copying process (during transcription)
TYPES OF MUTATIONS: w Chromosomal mutations occur when chromosomes fail to properly separate during meiosis
Chromosomal Mutations: chromosome nucleosome DNA double helix coils supercoils histones
Chromosomal Mutations: • changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
Chromosomal Mutations: • changes in the number or structure of chromosomes • typically harmful in humans
Chromosomal Mutations: • can occur in four different ways: deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation
Chromosomal Mutations: DELETION
Chromosomal Mutations: DELETION DUPLICATION
Chromosomal Mutations: DELETION DUPLICATION INVERSION
Chromosomal Mutations: DELETION DUPLICATION INVERSION TRANSLOCATION
Non-Disjunction: • is the failure of the chromosomes to properly separate during meiosis Meiosis II: Meiosis I: non-disjunction homologous chromosomes fail to separate
Non-Disjunction: • leads to organisms with the wrong number of chromosomes • causes birth defects like Down’s Syndrome (trisomy-21)
POINT Mutations: chromosome nucleosome DNA double helix coils supercoils histones
POINT Mutations: • are changes in single base pairs of DNA • can lead to production of faulty (misshapen) proteins, or no protein at all
POINT Mutations: • often have no effect: UCC codes for serine, for example, but so does UCU, UCA or UCG • that change the last letter in a DNA triplet may lead to the same amino acid
POINT Mutations: • that do this are called sense or silent mutations
POINT Mutations: • which lead to a different amino acid, however, are called missense mutations • Depending on the amino acid, these can be good, bad or neutral
POINT Mutations: • which lead to a stop codon (UAA, UAG or UGA) are called nonsense mutations • These lead to loss of function and are usually bad
POINT Mutations: • Sense, missense and nonsense mutations are typically caused by substitution of one nucleotide for another, changing the meaning of only one codon. • Deletion or insertion of an entire nucleotide leads to frameshift !
Frameshift Mutations alter everything that follows: THE DOG ATE THE RAT MAN THE HOG ATE THE RAT MAN THE DOG ATE HER ATM AN… THE OGA TEH ERA TMA N…
- Antigentest åre
- One god one empire one emperor
- One one one little dog run
- One king one law one faith
- Byzantine definition
- One ford plan
- See one do one teach one
- See one, do one, teach one
- Twelfth night speeches
- Studiendekanat uni bonn
- Asean tourism strategic plan
- Graphic organizer with the aims of la liga filipina
- Rankings: what are they and do they matter?
- 2. if we sneak out quietly, nobody notice.
- They seek him here they seek him there
- I have chosen you and not rejected you
- They are they which testify of me
- Grammar rules frustrate me they're not logical they are so
- For they not know what they do
- Although they knew god they did not glorify him
- Part whole model subtraction
- Unit ratio definition
- Brainpop ratios
- What is a technical description?
- Standard bar parts and layout
- The phase of the moon you see depends on ______.
- Two way anova minitab 17
- Types of mutations
- What are some neutral mutations
- Amoeba sisters mutations worksheet
- What are causes of mutation
- Chapter 14 lesson 4 mutations
- Chapter 12 section 4: gene regulation and mutations
- Tensions mutations et crispations de la société d'ordres
- Are all mutations bad? *
- A permanent change
- 4 steps of protein synthesis