MUTATIONS Mutations Changes to DNA are called mutations
- Slides: 33
MUTATIONS
Mutations Changes to DNA are called mutations change the DNA u changes the m. RNA u may change protein m. RNA u may change trait u protein trait TACGCACATTTACG AUGCGUGUAAAUGC aa aa
What Causes Mutations? There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated: Mutations Parent can be inherited. to child Mutations can be acquired. Environmental damage Mistakes when DNA is copied
Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? Mutations happen regularly Almost all mutations are neutral Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations Many mutations are repaired by enzymes
Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)
Types of Chromosomal Mutations
Chromosome Mutations May Involve: Changing the structure of a chromosome Changing number the
Chromosome Mutations Five types exist: Deletion Inversion Duplication Translocation Nondisjunction
Deletion Due to breakage A piece of a chromosome is lost ABCD-EFGH ABCD-EF
Inversion Chromosome segment breaks off Segment flips around backwards Segment reattaches ABCD-EFGH ABDC-EFGH
Duplication Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated ABCD-EFGH ABCDBCD-EFGH
Translocation Involves two chromosomes that aren’t homologous Part of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosomes ABCD-EFGH WXY-Z ABCD-EF WXY-ZGH
Translocation
Nondisjunction Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis Causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes Disorders: Down Syndrome – three 21 st chromosomes Turner Syndrome – single X chromosome Klinefelter’s Syndrome – XXY chromosomes
Chromosome Mutation Animation
Chromosome Mutations Down Syndrome Chromosome 21 does not separate correctly. Trisomy 21 They have 47 chromosomes in stead of 46. Children with Down Syndrome develop slower, may have heart and stomach illnesses and vary greatly in their degree of intelligence. Similar facial features
Chromosome Mutations Cri-du-chat Deletion of material on 5 th chromosome Characterized by the cat-like cry made by cri-du-chat babies Varied levels of mental handicaps
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities Klinefelter’s Syndrome XXY, XXXY Male Sterility Small testicles Breast enlargement
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities XYY Syndrome Normal male traits Often tall and thin Associated with antisocial and behavioral problems*
Sex Chromosome Mutations Turner’s Syndrome X Female sex organs don't mature at adolescence sterility short stature
Sex Chromosome Mutations XXX Trisomy X Female Little or no visible differences tall stature learning disabilities limited fertility
KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS
Karyotype Pictures of paired human chromosomes arranged by size, used to identify abnormalities in fetuses Cells from an amniotic fluid sample are cultured, stained & photographed
1) Autosomes all the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes (in humans, there are 22 pair) 2) Sex chromosomes The sex-determining chromosomes, the X&Y
Normal Male 2 n = 46 28
Normal Female 2 n = 46 29
Male, Trisomy 21 (Down’s) 2 n = 47 30
Female Down’s Syndrome 2 n = 47 31
Klinefelter’s Syndrome 2 n = 47 32
Turner’s Syndrome 2 n = 45 33
- Mikael ferm
- Are all mutations bad explain
- Mutations in dna
- Dna types of mutations
- What is physical change
- Elizabeth mulroney
- Permanent alteration
- Coding dna and non coding dna
- What are the enzymes involved in dna replication
- Function of dna polymerase 3
- Dna and genes chapter 11
- Bioflix activity dna replication lagging strand synthesis
- The rate at which velocity changes is called
- Define as permanent change in dna.
- How does dna copy itself
- The principle enzyme involved in dna replication is called
- Dna
- Nitrogen base
- Dna is often called the
- Types of mutations
- Robertsonian translocation
- Mutation and adaptation
- Chapter 12 section 4: gene regulation and mutations
- Gene mutations
- Cancer mutations
- Karyotype mutations
- Protein synthesis and mutations
- Amoeba sisters mutations worksheet
- Section 4 gene regulation and mutations
- Gene mutations
- 12-4 mutations
- Tensions mutations et crispations de la société d'ordres
- What is somatic mutation
- Cancer mutations