Muslim Empires The Gunpowder Dynasties OTT OMANS SAFAVIDS
- Slides: 54
Muslim Empires: The Gunpowder Dynasties…. • OTT OMANS • SAFAVIDS • MUGHAL S
The Muslim Empires I wonder what we will learn about the Ottoman Empire?
Let’s set the stage……. WHAT IS GOING IN IN ASIA, 1450? Ming Dynasty in China still manufacturing King Rapid population growth in China, urbanization Ottoman Turks have seized Constantinople, building Islamic capital • European JS Companies have intruded into Indian Ocean trade routes, est. ports of trade, control over some islands, spice trade, shipping • Overland trade routes become less importance, less valuable • India is part Muslim, part Hindu, ……. • •
They are coming for you, so you had better……. Make a Plan for the Asian/ Middle Eastern Empires about 5 min. • Working with a partner, develop a 5 point plan that these empires must follow if they are to endure the onslaught of European Empires. • Let’s use this list to evaluate where the empires will be and how they will fare at the end, 1750. • be prepared to present your plan. • Have fun but also this is academic work, so it should include legitimate and particular points.
Stay with our 3 main ideas……… • • Trade: Who? Where? Products People Shift of Indian Ocean Trade Routes Globalization New Societies and Labor • Religious and Cultural Shifts • Islamic Tension • Sikhism • Forced Labor • Gunpowder Dynasties and conflict, both internal and external • Shifting Balance of Power, Europe v. Asia • Growing Internal Weakness State Building
3 Gunpowder Dynasties Ottomans. Sunni Islam Safavids Shia Islam Mughals Hindu/ Muslim conflicts Which Gunpowder Empire will have the best strategic location, explain
Based on this picture as evidence, tell me 5 things you already know about the Ottoman Empire?
Based on this map, and based on your knowledge of Islamic history, predict a couple of events that will happen……
So what can you tell me about the patterns established in the Middle East, 1450 – 1750?
Where is Anatolia? Who are the “Ottomans? ” From prehistoric times a constellation of people had been migrating throughout Central Asia ……From this loose collection of people sprang communities speaking many languages including Turkish and Mongolian languages. They were the ancestors of today's Turks. Neighbors of the Mongols and probably related to them, they were a nomadic equestrian people who were mobile than the other people scattered across the Asian continent at the time….
4. 3: State-Building and Expansion of Empires…. . Ottoman Empire: Established c. 1453, seize of Constantinople What do you remember about the Ottoman siege of this city? Hints: • Weapons, people, duration, tactics, results………
4. 3 State Building: What do these empires have in common? • Looking in your chapter…… Pages 468 – 469, Find four things that all of these empires have in common. ü Formed by Turkic people, some descendants of Genghis Khan ü Rise in the power vacuum left after the fall of the Mongols ü Establish power through use of gunpowder—artillery, muskets, cannons ü Islamic leacders, although usually tolerant after establishing rule ü Inward looking, shifting allegiances and fratricide create internal struggles ü Often intolerant of rival Islamic sects
Khan Academy: Good summary of historical origin • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=h. Npc. QEGw 3 S 4
Ottoman Empire: Building of an Empire
State Building Formation of the Ottomans: Down with the Byzantines, In with the Turks Mehmet II (Mehmet the Great) -- leader of the siege on Constantinople, days of artillery bombardment brings the city to surrender. • Goal is to rebuild the city and profit from trade • Expansion of territory, expand the state and Islam! Expansion will lead to emphasis on military (fits with past Islamic caliphate models as well) • Military leaders granted land, wealth, and the booty of war.
Military Aristocracy: Elites and Control Aristocracy = privileged class Military generals, warriors, receive land from govt in return for service. What is an aristocracy? They, in turn, receive the rights to peasants and their labor. Aristocrats had powers of taxation and local rule. This often led to abuse of power and eventual peasant revolt or Flight.
Special Topic: Devshirme—slaves in service to govt Janissaries Infantry - young boys captured from conquered territory, often Christians from Balkans… • Placed in charge of artillery division (think: most dangerous job!) • Growing power-over time • Separate from “military aristocracy”, no land grants. • Live in barracks, cohesiveness, will resist change in next era.
Expansion for Ottomans: Into Europe and Africa Will we see the same problems as Rome and Byzantines? Suleiman the Magnificent Golden Age 1600 s Conquer religious important areas - Mecca, Medina Conquer- overland trade routes - not as important as past! Build great mosques to demonstrate power and wealth
Ottoman Empire-taxation © Morgan AP Teaching One of the prominent themes of the early modern Era was the tightening of central control by the monarch by either stripping the nobility of the power (many of which resisted) or consolidating control religion The first examples of monarchs to strengthen central control with the sultans of the Ottoman Empire through timar reform Ottoman timars were lands granted by the Ottoman sultans that acted as compensation for military service. Successful military campaigns = grant of land. (Very motivating!) While initially successful, there was a growing expectation among the Janissary soldiers and other slave soldiers of the Sultan for these grants in reward for participating in the growing number of campaigns. As more and more were handed out, the recipients (Timariots) began to grow as a powerful noble class– one that may threaten the power of the Sultan himself This, combined with the fact that it was increasingly difficult to provide his land grants, cause the Sultan to begin dividing into shares, thus reducing the overall power of the new timar-based class
Internal Division and Struggle: 4. 3 Growth of Empires Obstacle for State Building • Viziers, Janissaries, and military aristocracy vie for power. • Succession issues cause constant unrest at the sultan position, leading to poor leadership. Fratricide = killing of brothers within a family to seize power • Strong govt control of economy and trade • Weaker sultans lead to strength of Viziers • Cannot control territory and military aristocrats who abuse power over locals.
Reflect: The Ottoman Empire is like _______ empire because _________________________. The Ottoman Empire is most unlike the ___________ empire because ______________________.
Constantinople renamed “Istanbul” Religion as legitimacy: • Sultan rules as Islamic and government leader. • Dhimmi are tolerated, but taxed • Rival Muslim sects are persecuted
Legitimacy through patronage of art and architecture. Hagia Sophia, now transformed to a mosque Suleymaniye Mosque, Commissioned by Suleyman the Great, the Muslim response to the Hagia Sophia. Larger
Ottomans v. Venice: Love/ Hate • Strength of the Ottoman empire depends upon control and profit from trade through Istanbul. • Describe the impact of the Battle of Lepanto: • What was the big deal with this battle? • How will European JS Companies erode the strategic value of the Ottoman Empire?
Ottoman State Building: • The growth and centralization of the Ottoman empire was dependent upon __________________. • One benefit of this system is that _________________________. • A drawback of this system is that ___________________________. • The Ottoman leaders reserved a special role for ____________________________. • A similar pattern in previous eras was the ______________.
Google Earth Tour: Art and Architecture Wealth, Power, and Legitimacy • From the Google Earth App, Visit the sites listed. • For each site, üThree takeaways. “I noticed, I appreciated, I would describe it as……. . ” üOne question you would ask a tour guide üWho commissioned this architectural achievement? üWhat is unique about it? • Suleimaniye Mosque (Istanbul, Turkey • Palace of Versailles • St. Peter’s Basilica (Vatican City) • Taj Mahal (Agra, India) • Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque
Think Sheet: 2 strengths/ 2 weakness of the Ottoman Empire
The Safavid Empire Sufi religious leaders (Think Islam with Hindu flavor) Embrace Shia Islam Capital: Isfahan
Political Leaders: Called Shahs Ismail (1487 – 1524): Great military leader and expansionist: defeated at Chaldiran. **Persecution on both sides of Islamic armies Abbas the Great (1587 – 1629): Introduces Russian slave soldiers Borrows technology from Portuguese Defeated rapidly 1722 by Afghani tribes (another Turkic nomadic group)
– Present day - Iran Safavids- Shia - Muhammed’s Line of Succession Forced conversion within want to expand west for more Shia…. 2 B. “Muslim Super Bowl: Chaldiran 1514: Ottoman defeat of Safavids who can’t access their artillery. Permanent stop to Shia advance. OTTOMAN VICTORY & EAST EXPANSION but NON-religious borders…. . Shia Muslims are now living in lands controlled by Sunnis. Religious persecution then and now. The current demographic patterns, establishing Iran and parts of Iraq as Shia, and the former Ottoman lands as Sunni, still prevalent today and shape conflict and tension in the Middle East today.
Cultural and Religious differences Ottomans ü leaders are sultans üStrong Sunni üGovt tolerant of dhimmi üMore conservative form of Islam. üEnemy of Europe Safavids ü Leaders are “Shahs” ü Religious leaders are “imams” ü Strong Shia ü Govt more forceful with religion, establishing mullahs and govt. ü established religious schools. ü Successful conversion of culture to Shia Islam, ü Shia is more expressive and emotional than Sunni Islam ü Get help from Portuguese to try to defeat Ottomans
Similarities üBoth influenced by Persian culture üElaborate courts and palace living üBoth use military aristocracy üBoth value trade and merchants, govt dominant role üBoth have artillery üBoth use slave warriors üBoth give legal rights to women to conduct business and divorce
Architecture OT TOMAN: TALL T HI N M INARETS SAFAVID : TILED M OSQUES
Decline 1. Succession Problems -Euro-Oldest Son -M. E. -All sons battle for control. Civil War, infighting, division, corruption, rural estate living, isolation of heirs for safety Fratricide-killing of brothers Only as strong as your leadership! but, Ottomans did last 600 years! 2. Bypassed in Trade - Euros can sail around to Asia - Overland trade importance declines…. . ALSO, loss of Indian Ocean trade routes to Portugal. 3. Consistent Religious Wars- Shia/Sunni religious differences…. . lingers to today…. Iraq v. Iran
Gunpowder Dynasties
3. The Mughals of India E. Afghanistan, Pakistan, N. India Cultural Clashes! Muslims & Hindus A. Mughals = Muslims Eastern extent of Muslim World and control areas with huge Hindu majority
Culture and Society • Religiously diverse: • Mostly Hindu • Some Muslim • Emerging Sikh Social Classes from Caste System • Princes and Priests at the top • Followed by warriors • Then lower caste people • Does have poor peasants • Patriarcy! • Sati • No place for widows • Child marriage
The Growth of the Mughal Empire Euro Trading Posts $$$$ to be made Cotton/Spice/Gem Trade Mughal Challenge - Controlling very uncentralized areas Religious division
-1542 -1605 -Brutal warrior, TOLERANT leader! Akbar -attempts to have Hindus and Muslims live in peace, creates own religion, Din-i-Ilahi, an attempt to merge Islam and Hinduism. Decreases practice of Hindu discrimination – no jizyah!, tolerant of beliefs -Builds elaborate CENTRALIZED bureaucracy to control taxes and trade - Chinese-like!!!! -but local autonomy -supports women, against sati, against purdah, Impact - ushers in huge peace within empire, increases Euro trade, control & peace = $$$$, Patron of arts
Din-i-Ilahi prohibits lust, sensuality, slander and pride, considering them sins. Piety, prudence, abstinence and kindness are the core virtues. The soul is encouraged to purify itself through yearning of God. [2] Celibacy is respected and the slaughter of animals is forbidden. There are neither sacred scriptures nor a priestly hierarchy in this religion. [5] He increased the marriage minimum age for boys to 16 and girls to 14.
3 C. Akbar’s Impact $hah Jahan - $$$ Buffett of 17 th Century $$$$ -Trading Ports explode off of Western Coast -Peace, expansion invites Europeans to India Now off w/ your hands!
• Aurangzeb - succeeds Jahan. • Purifies Islam from Hindu influences • Reinstates Jizyah 3 D. 2 Big Fails, Decline, British Invasion – Desired ALL Muslim Empire - FAIL!!! Further breakdown…. Sets up British Control… – Wars to further expand South - FAIL!!!! Hindu princes rise up together to stop. Centralized Empire breaks apart…. British support Hindu princes Gain Market & Political Partners
Cultural Changes: Sikhism Syncretism of Hinduism and Islam Founder: Guru Nanak • The word 'Sikh' in the Punjabi language means 'disciple', Sikhs are the disciples of God who follow the writings and teachings of the Ten Sikh Gurus. The wisdom of these teachings in Sri Guru Granth Sahib are practical and universal in their appeal to all mankind. • "I observe neither Hindu fasting nor the ritual of the Muslim Ramadan month; Him I serve who at the last shall save. The Lord of universe of the Hindus, Gosain and Allah to me are one; From Hindus and Muslims have I broken free. I perform neither Kaaba pilgrimage nor at bathing spots worship; One sole Lord I serve, and no other. I perform neither the Hindu worship nor the Muslim prayer; To the Sole Formless Lord in my heart I bow. We neither are Hindus nor Muslims; Our body and life belong to the One Supreme Being who alone is both Ram and Allah for us. " (Guru Arjan Dev, Guru Granth Sahib, Raga Bhairon pg. 1136) • https: //www. sikhs. org/summary. htm
Asian trading zones: Meet the European JS Companies!
Transformation of Trade Zones and Routes by Introduction of European JS Companies ü From unregulated to regulated by Europeans ü From relatively peaceful trade to trade by force ü Mutual exchange to forced exchange ü Free flow of products to monopolies
7. Russian People Very Poor due to crushing tribute of Mongols Haves/Have Nots -Landowning Aristocracy - Boyars 5% -Peasant class 95% Economy -Ag Based, peasant dependent
Post Mongol Russia Ivan “the Great” - 1400 s - Desires 3 rd Rome #1 - Rome #2 - Byzantine #3 - Russia believes continuation of Byzantine after fall in 1453
Russia: Manifest Destiny to the East
Dead Heir = New Fam = Romanov’s – Peter the Great - Westernization for Elite! - Late 1600 s-Early 1700 s No beards, Euro clothing & knowledge Political Peter = Build Military with strong Army and Navy No gains for Non-Elite • Builds port capital for trade - St Petersburg • GROWING peasant struggles - no rights • similar to Latin Am peons….
Catherine - Consolidation/Centralization • Catherine the Great – Further. . – centralization – expansion EVERYWHERE! Gold areas - East and SW - Cossacks!!! – peasant struggles – economic struggles…merchant class way behind
31. Which dynasty did the Mings defeat? A) Qings B) Hans C) Yuan D) Manchu 32. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the rise of the Mings? A) It was a peasant revolt B) They had unique military technology C) They were fighting against Mongol rulers D) They were part of the scholar-gentry revolt against the Mongols 33. Which of the following BEST describes why Russia lagged behind Europe, 1450 - 1600? A) They had no natural resources from which to profit B) They had been controlled by Mongols conquerors C) They did not have a desire to expand or modernize D) They lacked capable and ambitious rulers.
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