Music History Overview Early Music and Main Periods

Music History Overview Early Music and Main Periods

Periods of Music History �Music Historians and Musicologists categorize music into certain historical periods. �This is based on the time the music was written in history and certain distinct characteristics it contains. �Although there are others these are the main ones.

Main Periods of Music History �Renaissance 1450 - 1600 �Baroque 1600 - 1750 �Classical 1750 -1820 �Romantic 1830 - 1910 �Twentieth Century 1900 - 2000

Early Music � Most of our earliest music, it’s writing, history come down to us from the Greeks. � Greek Music was mostly monophonic. � Philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle developed ideas that would influence music even up to the present day. (Ethos) � Greek Music Theory has influenced music theory to this day. (Pythagoras) � Main Instruments: Lyre, Aulos, and Kithara

Greek Instruments �Lyre

Greek Instruments contd. �Aulos https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Yrpf 6 K q. Uf. Ds

Greek Instruments contd. �Kithara

Middle Ages �Crusades: Church brings organization, establishes universities and therefore influences history of music, art, and literature �Music of the Church: The Mass �Pope Gregory 1: Gregorian Chant �Guillaume de Machaut �Secular Music: Troubadours and Minstrels

Middle Ages Examples � Gregorian Chant � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_Mb. Dqc 3 x 97 k � Organum � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Sg. Hz. H 5 i. Dc. G Q

Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300 - 1377) French Composer and Poet � First significant composer of Middle Ages � Wrote forms: Motet, Secular music, Mass � Messe de Nostre Dame(Mass of Notre Dame) � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 Ggk. AM 8 crb. U � Secular Music � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=t. JS-HZWB 3 w. E � Douce Dame Jolie / La Morra �

The Renaissance (ca. 1450 -1600) �Rebirth- Time of great cultural awakening and flowering of the arts and sciences. �Music begins to break free from some of the constraints of the church. �Rise of Secular Music �Polyphony

Renaissance Contd. �Josquin des Prez (c. 1450/55 - 1521) �Flemish composer (Netherlands) �Master of Polyphony �Missa Pange Lingua �El Grillo �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=z. A 2 Ed 5 D 1 h. Hs

Claudio Monteverdi (1567 -1643) Italian Composer who wrote One of the earliest forms of Opera ( Intermedio) � � L’Orfeo Early Opera Based on the tale of Orpheus in the Underworld. � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? time_continue=1&v=0 m. D 1 6 EVx. NOM

The Baroque (ca. 1600 to 1750) � � � Named to describe the ornate architecture, music, and art of the times Oddly-shaped pearl Musical Characteristics: Ornate, driving rhythms, virtuosic, extravagant.

Baroque contd. � � � Age of Monarchs and servant composers Baroque instruments https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Wa 2 vzx-a. Nrw Music of Henry Purcell (1659 - 1695) And George Fredrick Handel (1685 -1759)

Antonio Vivaldi (1678 -1741) �Italian Composer and Violinist �Ordained in 1703 (25) “The Red Priest” �Known for his Concerti � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Adh. Zbu. Bd. FNg �Four Seasons � � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=e 3 n. Sv. Ii. BNFo https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ZPdk 5 Ga. IDjo

Domenico Scarlatti (1685 - 1757) �Italian Composer �Studied under his father Alessandro Scarlatti �Known for his keyboard works �Aggressive Style characteristic of Baroque Sound. • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 yy. BP 3 t 7 g 90

Johan Sebastian Bach 1685 - 1750 � Perhaps most important composer of the period � Protestant Reformation � Served as Music Director at Leipzig (1723 -50) � Very prolific composer

Baroque contd. �Bach works: http: //www. jsbach. org/bwvlist. html “Little” Fugue in g minor � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Bbox 4 oi 6 Hj. A � Cantatas � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Yd. Jr 4 Bf. Q 1 Yw � Harpsichord Concerto � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Xcsf. Dxojd. V 8 �

The Classical Period( 1750 - 1820) �Rise of Classicism ( Ancient Greece) �Emphasis on Order and Form �Music becomes more simple organized �Nobility become the main patrons of music. �Concerto and Sonata become more defined �Rise of the Symphony

Classical Contd. The Symphony - Large work or composiiton usually with four movements 1. an opening sonata or allegro. 2. a slow movement, such as adagio. 3. a minuet or scherzo with trio. 4. an allegro, rondo, or sonata. � - At least one movement is in Sonata- Allegro Form: Exposition , Development, Recapitulation, Coda.

Joseph Haydn(1732 - 1809) �German Court Composer (Esterhazy) �Practically invented the string quartet. �Wrote popular concerti and was one of the first to develop the symphony. �Friends with Mozart and taught Beethoven.

Classical Contd. � Haydn works: � String Quartet � � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? time_continue=67&v=j. A-XTASh. W-c https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=93 Utpdqb. Wew � Concerto � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ZUZYo. Vw 7 moc � � Symphonies No. 94 ‘Surprise’ � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. Ljwkamp 3 l. I � No. 104 “London” � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Oit. PLIow. J 70

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (17191787) Prodigious composer from Salzburg, Austria � Father Leopold was successful musician and composer and had him and sister play in public at age 11 and 6 � Wrote Operas, Concertos, Symphonies (first one at age 8) � Known for writing beautiful melodies and his sense of humor. �

Classical Contd. � Mozart Works � Opera � Cosi Fan Tutte ( Buffa) � � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=f 8 Yua. PKm. Ts 0 Magic Flute � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Yu. Be. Bjq. KSGQ � Piano Sonata ( Piano forte) � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=M_CXk-FHeys � Concerto ( Horn ) � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. Nu. JVfe-t 3 o � � Symphony No. 1 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hyc. Ki 1 hl. Dx. A No. 40 � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_JAPx 7_ra_A

Niccolo Paganini (1782 - 1840) �Italian Violin Virtuoso know for his compositions and amazing technique �Traveled all over Europe touring and displaying technique. � Caprice No. 24 � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. Pcn. Grie__M

The Romantic Period (1830 - 1910) � Rise of Expression and Feelings in Music. � Composers sought to express the artistic, literacy and philosophical themes of the day. � Industrial Revolution: Improvements in quality and materials of instruments. (Winds, Piano) Printing allowed music to be more widely distributed. � Rise of Nationalism � Bigger Concert Halls= Bigger Orchestras/ Rise of Virtuosi

Franz Schubert (1797 - 1828) Prolific Composer despite dying young � 600 secular vocal works, seven complete symphonies, sacred music, operas, incidental music and a large body of piano and chamber music. � � Composer of German Lieder (Song) � Little Mushroom ( 5’ 1’’)

Romantic Contd. Schubert Lieder � Erlkonig � Poem by Goethe � � Lyrics https: //germanstories. vcu. edu/goethe/erl_dual. html � Song � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=JS 91 p-vm. Sf 0 �

Hector Berlioz (1803 -1869) � French Composer who gave up medicine to pursue his passion music. � Won the Prix di Rome in 1830 after 3 failed attempts. � Symphony Fantastique � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r. QXt. C 6 B 3 CKQ

Ludwig van Beethoven(17701827) One of the most influential Composers in history. � From Germany (Bonn) � Transitional composer (Classical- Romantic) � Motivic composer who revolutionized the symphony (development) � One of the first significant composers to be Self employed. � First music teacher was his father who was a Very strict task master. � Deafness started around 1798 ( fall) � 1802 wrote his Heiligenstadt Testament to his brother. � Master of many genres but perhaps best known for his symphonies, piano sonatas and string quartets. �

Romantic Contd. Beethoven works: � Piano Music � Sonata (Moonlight) � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? time_continue=1&v=Sk. Xf. YCk. Qkqg https: //www. youtube. com/watch? time_continue=7&v=zuc. Bf. Xp. CA 6 s � String Quartets https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=2 KPo. N 8 EHHlk https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Gx 2 Klp. V_ZOk Symphony No. 3 (Eroica) � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Inx. T 4 S 6 w. Qf 4

Richard Wagner (1813 -1883) German Composer (Vienna) Very Influential Composer Opera and melodies (Leitmotif) Truly epitomized the Romantic Style � Controversy Der Ring Des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung) � � https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen Ride of the Valkyire https: //www. youtube. com/watch? time_continue=7&v=u. Ok_lq. Pl. XQE Tristan and Isolde https: //www. youtube. com/watch? time_continue=19&v=7_7 HUTE-SIg

Franz Liszt(1811 -1886) � � Composer and Piano Virtuoso among other things. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Lh. Inwkq 4 n. Aw

Gustav Mahler(1860 - 1911) Born in Czech Republic � Jewish but converted to Catholicism � Rise of the Artist Conductor � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ujmth. MDpyco �

Claude Debussy (1862 -1918) French Composer who studied at the Paris Conservatory Leading figure in the Impressionistic Style ( tho he disliked the term) (Symphonic Poem) � French Impressionism ( Nature, use of light, impression) � � https: //images. search. yahoo. com/search/images; _ylt=A 0 ge. K. c. J 0 j. Ncokc. Ar. Td. XNyo. A; _ylu=X 3 o. DMTE 0 Mmw 1 YW 44 BGN vb. G 8 DYm. Yx. BHBvcw. Mx. BHZ 0 a. WQDQj. Y 1 Nz. Rf. MQRz. ZWMDc. Gl 2 cw--? p=french+impressionism&fr 2=pivweb&fr=aaplw Claire de Lune https: //www. dailymotion. com/video/x 3 ul 546 Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=k. R 5 OWN_yd. IY

Maurice Ravel(1875 - 1937) French contempory of Debussy Also impressionisitc but rejected term. � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d. ZDia. RZy 0 Ak �Sonatina no. 1 Modere � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-XDs 37 s. QRa 4

Twentieth Century( 1900 -2000) �Characterized by a rejected of Romanticism �Composers sought to find new sounds and ideas even the rejection of tonality (Atonality) �Eventually some would question the definition of music and the role of the composer. (Cage)

Igor Stravinsky (1882 -1971) �Russian Composer, Pianist, Conductor �Very Modern sound = New Rhythmic Structures, Serial Procedures, Neo. Classicism. �Rite of Spring � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=j. F 1 OQk. Hyb. EQ

Arnold Schoenberg (1874 -1951) �German Composer and Leader of the Second Viennese School �Emancipation of Dissonance, Serialism, Atonality �Peripetie � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=QNCIz-_QFrs �Pierre Lunaire � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=O 5 DNx. RG 2 -ow �

Edgard Varese (1883 -1965) �French Composer and Pioneer of Electronic Music �Poem Electronique (1958) �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=R- R 3 F 3 ZVbi 8

John Cage(1912 -1992) � Revolutionized the idea of music and what is sound/ silence. Chance Operations � Prepared Piano � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=j. RHo. KZRYBl. Y � 4’ 33 � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r. Dg. HUj 8 s. Ja. Q Water Walk https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=g. XOIk. T 1 -QWY On Silence https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=pc. Hn. L 7 a. S 64 Y

Philip Glass(1937 -present) �Composer of minimilism (repetitive structures) �Koyaanisqatsi � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 j. M 2 WA 2 Wb. Dc �Mad Rush � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=8 Q 0 G 0 -9 E 5 SE

John Adams (1947 - present) �Minimilist Composer �Short ride in a fast machine � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 Lo. Um_r 7 It 8 �On the transmigration of Souls � � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=S 6 nr. J 3 Byzz. E https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/On_the_Transmigration_of_Souls

New forms of Notation �https: //www. pinterest. com/jhorsager/graphi cal-notation/ �Stripsody ( Cathy Berberian) �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 d. NLA h. L 46 x. M