Musculoskeletal System bones muscles tendons ligaments and joints
Musculoskeletal System: bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints of the body Bones: structural support and protection of internal organs Muscles: internal and external movement Joints: where bones come together/type determined by need for flexibility Tendons: bind muscles to bones Ligaments: bind bones to other bones
Bone Processes and Depressions • Processes: serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments • Depressions: openings or hollow regions help join bones or serve as passageways for nerves and/or vessels
Vertebral Column and Vertebrae
Bones: Thorax, Pelvis, and Extremities
Bones of Leg and Foot
Pathologic Conditions Fractures of Bones
Pathology Normal Bone with osteoporosis
Joints • Joint (articulation): coming together of two or more bones ➢Suture joints: immovable (skull) ➢Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket types, e. g. , hip or shoulder), (hinge type, for example, elbow, knee, ankle)
Synovial Joints • Joint capsule surrounds bone. • Ligaments band bones together. • Bones are covered by articular cartilage. • Synovial membrane lies under capsule and lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid. • A meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a join cavity; acts as a protective cushion; present in the knee
Bursae • Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near, but not within a joint. Needed where sliding must take place • Common sites: ➢between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to bone) and bones ➢between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bones ➢between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)
Joints
Muscles- 3 types • Striated/skeletal: under voluntary control— they move all the bones as well as face and eyes • Smooth: control is involuntary—they move internal organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of glands) • Cardiac: involuntary and found exclusively in the heart
Types of Muscle
Endurance vs. Strength • Muscular Endurance: Ability • Muscular Strength: Max of muscles to continue amt. of force a muscle can without fatigue. produce at one time. – Slow twitch muscle fibers – Endurance activities – Fast twitch muscle fibers – Lower reps at higher weight
PUSH or PULL. . . • Muscles only pull In order for muscles to move and contract they must become shorter.
Muscle Cramp • What causes a muscle • A strong uncontrolled cramp? contraction of a muscle. – Dehydration – Poor Circulation – Exercise that is too strenuous – Imbalance of minerals. . potassium .
3 Ways to Help Prevent Muscle Injuries: • Steady progression of training. – Not too much too soon. • Proper dynamic warm up. • Focus on mobility, stretching, foam rolling after.
Actions of Muscles
Check for Understanding… • 1. What binds muscles to bones? • 2. What binds bones to other bones? • 3. How many Cervical, Lumbar and thoracic vertebrae are there? 19
Continue Check for Understanding… • 4. What causes Osteoporosis? • 5. Give one example of where you would find a suture joint… • 6. Give one example where you would find a synovial joint… 20
Continue Check for Understanding… • 7. What is the function of the meniscus? Where would you find a meniscus located in the body? • 8. Where is a bursea needed? • 9. a. ) List the three types of muscles b. ) Where are these muscles located? 21
Continue Check for Understanding… • 10. What is the difference between muscular endurance and muscular strength? • 11. List 3 causes of muscle cramps • 12. What are 3 ways to prevent muscle injuries? • 13. The opposite of… • Flexion is ____________ • Adduction is ___________ • supination is ___________ • dorsiflexion is __________ 22
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