Musculi thoracis Muscles of the trunk o M

Musculi thoracis (Muscles of the trunk) o M. pectoralis descendens o M. pectoralis transversus o M. pectoralis ascendens o M. subclavius (eq, su, cap) o Mm. intercostales externi - inspiration o Mm. intercostales interni - expiration Coto

Musculi thoracis o M. pectoralis descendens o M. pectoralis transversus o M. pectoralis ascendens o M. subclavius (eq, su, cap) Coto

Musculi thoracis o o Mm. intercostales externi Mm. intercostales interni - inspiration - expiration Coto

Musculi abdominis (Muscles of the abdomen) Four muscles forming the ventrolateral abdominal wall; o M. obliquus externus abdominis o M. obliquus internus abdominis o M. transversus abdominis o M. rectus abdominis Coto

Musculi abdominis o M. obliquus externus abdominis Muscle fibers pass obliquelly caudo-ventral direction. Ribs prepubic tendon inguinal ligament linea alba (white line) Coto

Musculi abdominis o M. obliquus internus abdominis Muscle fibers strech away cranio-ventral direction. Tuber coxae+Lumbar vertebrate Linea alba inguinal lig. Coto

Musculi abdominis o M. transversus abdominis Fibers of the deepest muscle of abdomen run transverserly in dorso-ventral direction. Lumbar vertebrate Linea alba Coto

Musculi abdominis o M. rectus abdominis Muscle fibers are cranio-caudal direction. Sternum Tendo prepubicus Coto

Vagina musculi recti abdominis o o Wide aponeurotic tendons of the three abdominal muscles (external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis) form a sheet around the rectus abdominis. Two layers of sheet are external and internal lamina External lamina consists of oblique muscles Internal lamina consists of transverse muscle *** Intersectiones tendineae: Coto

Musculi abdominis o M. rectus abdominis Vagina musculi recti abdominis Lamina externa aponeurosis of m. obl. ext. abd. aponeurosis of m. obl. int. abd. Lamina interna aponeurosis of m. trans. abd. transversal fascia Coto

Vagina musculi recti abdominis Lamina externa Lamina interna aponeurosis of m. obliquus externus abdominis aponeurosis of m. obliquus internus abdominis aponeurosis of m. transversus abdominis Coto

Musculi caudae (Muscles of the tail) o o o M. sacrococcygeus dorsalis medialis M. sacrococcygeus dorsalis lateralis M. intertransversarii caudae M. sacrococcygeus ventralis medialis M. sacrococcygeus ventralis lateralis M. coccygeus Coto

1) N. axillaris, 2) N. suprascapularis, 3) N. subscapularis, 4) N. musculocutaneus, 5) N. radialis, 6) N. medianus, 7) N. ulnaris Musculi membri thoracici (Muscles of the forelimb) o M. deltoideus (1) o M. brachioradialis (car. ) (5) o M. infraspinatus (2) o M. extensor carpi radialis (5) o M. supraspinatus (2) o M. extensor digitorum communis (5) o M. teres major (1) o M. extensor digitorum lateralis (5) o M. subscapularis (3) o M. extensor carpi ulnaris (m. ulnaris o M. biceps brachii (4) lacertus fibrosus lateralis) (5) o M. flexor carpi radialis (6) o M. coracobrachialis (4) o M. flexor carpi ulnaris (7) o M. brachialis (4) o M. flexor digitorum superficialis (7) o M. triceps brachii (5) o M. flexor digitorum profundus (6, 7) o M. tensor fasciae o M. interosseus medius (7) antebrachii (5) o M. abductor pollicis (digiti I) longus (5) Coto

M. deltoideus (Deltoid muscle) o o Spina of scapula - Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Flexor of the shoulder Coto

M. supraspinatus – M. infraspinatus Supraspinatous and infraspinatous muscles o M. supraspinatus (fossa supraspinata - greater tubercle of humerus) Extensor of the shoulder o M. infraspinatus (fossa infraspinata – greater tubercle of humerus) Flexor of the shoulder Coto

Mm. Membri thoracici o M. teres major Caudal border of Scapula - Tub. teres major of humerus o M. subscapularis fossa subscapularis – lesser tubercle of humerus Adductor of the shoulder Coto

Mm. Membri thoracici o M. biceps brachii Tub. supraglenoidale – Tuberositas radii Lacertus fibrosus – Tub. ossis metacarpalis III o M. brachialis Sulcus m. brachialis Biceps and brachialis are extensor of the shoulder, flexor of the elbow Coto

o Short tendon; Attaches to the radial tuberosity o Long tendon (lacertus fibrosus); With the extensor carpi radialis muscle, Attach to proximal end of the third metacarpal bone. In horse, it has an essential role in forelimb statics and maintaining the standing position for long time period Coto

Mm. Membri thoracici o M. triceps brachii Caput longum, Caput laterale, Caput mediale Caput accessorium (four head in car, su, ov) Margo caudalis (Scapula) - Tuber olecrani o M. tensor fasciae antebrachii M. latissimus dorsi - Tuber olecrani Coto

Extensor muscles of the arm All of them originate from lateral epicondyl of humerus. o M. extensor carpi radialis (extention) (metacarpus) o M. extensor digitorum communis (extention) (phalanx distalis) o M. extensor digitorum lateralis (extention) (phalanx proximalis) o M. extensor carpi ulnaris [extention (car, su)+flexion (eq, ru)] (os carpi accessorium) Coto

Extensor muscles o M. extensor carpi radialis o M. extensor digitorum communis o M. extensor digitorum lateralis o M. extensor carpi ulnaris Coto

n. radialis Extensor muscles o M. extensor carpi radialis (extension) o M. extensor digitorum communis (extension) o M. extensor digitorum lateralis (extension) o M. extensor carpi ulnaris (extension+flexion) Knuckling - Lameness Coto

Mm. Membri thoracici o M. brachioradialis (car) o M. abductor pollicis (digiti I) longus Coto

Flexor muscles of the arm They are located in caudo-medial side of the antebrachium. All of them originate from medial epicondyl of humerus. o M. flexor carpi radialis (Metacarpus) o M. flexor carpi ulnaris (Os carpi accessorium) o M. flexor digitorum superficialis (Phalanx media) o M. flexor digitorum profundus (Phalanx distalis) Coto

Palmar tendons of the digit o Tendon of the M. flexor digitorum superficialis (superior check ligament) o Tendon of the M. flexor digitorum profundus (inferior check ligament) o Tendon of the M. interosseus medius (suspensory ligament) Coto

Musculi membri pelvini (Muscles of the pelvic limb) LOIN, HIP, THIGH and CRUS MUSCLES o Loin: Proximal cranio-medial region of thigh and hip o Hip: Region between greater trochanter and crest of ilium o Thigh: Region between the stifle and greater trochanter of femur o Crus: Region between stifle and hock joint Coto

LOIN MUSCLES The muscles originate from the thoracal and lumbal vertebrae, insert on the coxae and femur They flex the hip also flex and fix the lumbal vertebral column o M. iliopsoas - M. iliacus - M. psoas major o M. psoas minor ***Steak fillet (tenderloin)*** Coto

HIP MUSCLES The muscles are located on gluteal region, originating from the ilium and inserting on femur They extend the hip joint (except tensor fascia latae) They are also abductor muscles of the hindlimb o M. gluteus superficialis - m. gluteobiceps (Ru) o M. gluteus medius o M. gluteus profundus o M. tensor fasciae latae (Attach to patella) o M. gluteofemoralis (fe) Coto

THIGH MUSCLES They are divided three groups according to their position ; o Cranial muscles of femur o Caudo-lateral muscles of femur o Medial muscles of femur Coto

THIGH MUSCLES CRANIAL MUSCLES (M. quadriceps femoris) Extend from coxae and femur to tibial tuberosity They act as flexor of the hip, extensor of the stifle joint o o M. rectus femoris M. vastus lateralis M. vastus medialis M. vastus intermedius Coto

THIGH MUSCLES CAUDO-LATERAL MUSCLES OF FEMUR Extend from the ischiadic tuberosity to stifle joint o M. biceps femoris o M. semitendinosus (IM injection area) o M. semimembranosus Coto

THIGH MUSCLES MEDIAL MUSCLES OF FEMUR (Adductor group) They originate from the coxae and attach the limb bones o M. sartorius o M. pectineus o M. gracilis o M. adductor Coto

Femoral triangle o The area bounded (formed) by the sartorius muscle cranially, the gracilis and the pectineus muscles caudally, the iliopsoas and the medial vastus muscles dorsolaterally, the femoral fascia in medially. Femoral artery passing through it, so it is a good place for taking pulsation in carnivores. Coto

MUSCLES OF THE CRUS CRANIO-LATERAL MUSCLES OF CRUS They generally extend the digits but flex the tarsus. It is totally different from the similar region of forelimb o M. tibialis cranialis o M. extensor digitorum longus (Superficial in eq and car) o M. peroneus (fibularis) tertius (Superficial in ru and su) (absent in car) o M. peroneus (fibularis) longus (absent in eq) o M. extensor digitorum lateralis o M. peroneus (fibularis) brevis (car) Coto

MUSCLES OF THE CRUS CAUDAL MUSCLES OF THE CRUS They flex the digit and tarsus o M. triceps surae - M. gastrocnemius Caput laterale et mediale - M. soleus (absent in car) o M. flexor digitorum superficialis o M. flexor digitorum profundus - M. flexor digitorum longus - M. tibialis caudalis - M. flexor digiti I (hallucis) longus Coto

Tendo calcanei communis (Tendon of Achilles) The most powerful tendon of the hindlimb. It consists of; o Tendon of M. gastrocnemius o Tendon of M. soleus o Aponeurosis of M. biceps femoris o Aponeurosis of M. semitendinosus o Aponeurosis of M. flexor digitorum superficialis Coto

In cadaver o EQ o RU o CAR o SU -M. tibialis cranialis -M. ext. digit. longus -M. peroneus tertius -M. ext. digit. lateralis -M. peroneus longus -M. soleus -M. ext. digit. lateralis -M. flex. hallucis longus -M. tibialis caudalis -M. flex. hallucis longus -M. flex. digit. superf. -M. soleus Coto