Muscle Injuries SHMD 249 2352013 Hard Tissue Injuries

Muscle Injuries SHMD 249 23/5/2013

Hard Tissue Injuries • Dislocation: displacement of a joint from its normal location. Occurs when a joint is overstressed, which makes the bones which meet at the joint disconnect. Usually causes joint capsule & ligaments to tear. • Mechanism of injury: – Very hard fall/tackle. • Symptoms: – Joint will visibly look out of place. – Movement will be limited. – Intense pain. – Swelling. 2

Finger Dislocation Shoulder Dislocation Elbow Dislocation Hip Dislocation 3

Hard Tissue Injuries • Subluxation: when one or more bones of the spine (vertebra) moves out of position & creates pressure on, or irritates the spinal nerves. Thus some parts of the body may not function properly. • Symptoms: • • Weakness Numbness Pain Tingling • Mechanism of injury: – – Contact sports Falls Motor vehicle accidents Occupational injuries 4

Hard Tissue Injuries • Cartilage damage: normal synovial joint function requires a smooth-gliding cartilage surface on both ends of the bones. Cartilage acts to distribute force during repetitive pounding movements (running/jumping). Ø Cartilage has minimal ability to repair itself & needs treatment in order to minimize deterioration to joint surface. • Injury Mechanism: Ø Traumatic injury (often seen in athletes) Ø Degenerative processes (seen in older patients who have more brittle cartilage). Ø Most common mechanism of a traumatic meniscus tear occurs when the knee joint is bent and the knee is then twisted. 5

Cartilage Damage Symptoms: Locking Localized pain swelling 6

Hard Tissue Injuries • Fractures: technical term for broken bone. Results from a bone being hit with enough force to make it break. • There are 5 main types of fractures: 1. Transverse fracture: • Result of direct blow/force applied at sideways angle to bone. 2. Spiral/oblique fracture: • Occur as a result of a twisting movement being applied about the long axis of the bone. • Example: foot held trapped by football boot studs while the leg twists around it. 7

Hard Tissue Injuries 3. Comminuted fracture: • Splintering of the bone i. e. bone is broken into a number of pieces. • Usually caused by direct trauma & takes longer to heal. 4. Stress fracture: • Overuse Injury • Occurs when muscles become fatigued and cannot absorb added shock. • Eventually fatigued muscles transfer the overload of stress to the bone, causing a tiny crack. • Usually occur because of rapid increase in amount or intensity of training, or impact from unfamiliar terrain, or incorrect shoes. 8

Hard Tissue Injuries 5. Open/compound fracture: • More serious injury as bone breaks through skin. • Break causes considerable damage to surrounding tissues & can cause serious bleeding if a large artery is ruptured. • Exposes broken skin to possibility of infection, which can hinder healing. 9

Soft Tissue Injuries • Abrasion: when surface of skin is grazed so that top layer is scraped off, leaving raw, tender area. • Injury Mechanism: sliding fall (grass). 10

Soft Tissue Injuries • Strains: a twist/pull/tear to a muscle or tendon. • Often caused by overuse/force/overstretching. • Severity: grade 1, 2, or 3 strain 11

Soft Tissue Injuries • Sprains: stretch/tear to a ligament & is often caused by trauma that knocks a joint out of position, & overstretches or ruptures the supporting ligaments. • Most commonly found in ankles, knees or wrists. 12

Soft Tissue Injuries • Muscle Contusion/hematoma: technical term for a bruise. • Injury Mechanism: Occurs due to direct trauma, commonly a blow to the outer part of the thigh or back of the calf. • Muscle fibers are squashed & blood capillaries are torn, resulting in bleeding into the surrounding tissues & hematoma formation. • Intramuscular hematoma: – Bleeding within a muscle. – Leads to pressure build-up in muscle, as blood is trapped within muscle sheath. – Results in decrease in muscle strength & flexibility. – Longer recovery period. 13

Soft Tissue Injuries • Intermuscular hematoma: – Bleeding around a muscle. – Much less severe than intram. as blood can escape from damaged muscle & into surrounding tissues. – Thus less pressure within the area & injury recovers much quicker. • Symptoms: – Pain – Swelling – discoloration 14

Soft Tissue Injuries Oedema: swelling in the tissue due to trauma. • Swelling may be a combination of tissue fluid & blood (from local damage to capillaries at injury site). 15

Soft Tissue Injuries • Bursitis: inflammation or irritation of a bursa. • Usually results from overuse. • Symptoms: – Pain – Restricted range of motion within area. 16

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Soft Tissue Injuries • Tendonitis: inflammation or irritation of a tendon. • Injury Mechanism: Usually results from overuse. • Symptoms: – Pain, made worse by movement – Stiffness 18