MULTIFACTORIAL CHOICES IN SPEAKING Andrej A Kibrik Institute

MULTI-FACTORIAL CHOICES IN SPEAKING Andrej A. Kibrik (Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences) kibrik@comtv. ru 1

CHOICE § As people speak, they constantly make choices § There are several (partially overlapping) types of choices involved 2

Unique choice § Choosing a lexical item to describe one’s own emotion I am glad (OKhappy, ? ? joyful, *amused) you are willing to attend our workshop 3

Prompted choice § Language prompts its speakers to focus on § certain aspects of meaning that must be expressed in this or that way Example: if a language has the category of number, each noun in discourse must be specified for number, even if that is not particularly relevant 4

Prompted choice § Language prompts its speakers to focus on § § certain aspects of meaning that must be expressed in this or that way Example: if a language has the category of number, each noun in discourse must be specified for number, even if that is not particularly relevant Cf. Jakobson’s notion of grammatical category and Slobin’s “Thinking for speaking” framework 5

Forced choice § Some linguistic elements require other linguistic § elements Example: § verb V in language L requires a direct object § even there is no semantic need to use an overt object NP the speaker inserts a dummy element there If you don’t have a ticket, you should get one cf. Russian Esli u vas net bileta, vam nuzhno kupit’ __ 6

Probabilistic choice § differs from any of the listed types § is very little acknowledged in linguistics § there always exist some borderline situations in which more than one option can be used 7

Features of probabilistic choice § the speaker chooses between two or more § § § options from a fixed repertoire the choice cannot be reduced to one factor governing it but depends on multiple factors various factors interact in a certain way and give rise to a cumulative resultant decision the choice is cognitively motivated: it can be linked to a higher-order cognitive function 8

Example 1. Referential choice: full noun phrase vs. pronoun § In Cheney's narrative, Russia was a blooming democracy during the 1990 s, but in recent years it has turned into a sinister dictatorship where people live in fear. In castigating Vladimir Putin, Cheney believes that he is speaking for the Russian masses. He fancies himself as Reagan at the Berlin wall. Except he isn't. Had Cheney done his homework and consulted a few opinion polls, which are extensive and reliable in Russia, he would have discovered that Putin has a 75 percent approval rating, about twice that of President Bush. Newsweek, May 29, 2006 9

Example 1. Referential choice: full noun phrase vs. pronoun § In Cheney's narrative, Russia was a blooming democracy during the 1990 s, but in recent years it has turned into a sinister dictatorship where people live in fear. In castigating Vladimir Putin, Cheney believes that he is speaking for the Russian masses. He fancies himself as Reagan at the Berlin wall. Except he isn't. Had Cheney done his homework and consulted a few opinion polls, which are extensive and reliable in Russia, he would have discovered that Putin has a 75 percent approval rating, about twice that of President Bush. Newsweek, May 29, 2006 10

Referential choice § overwhelming character (40 out of 89 words) § multiple factors § § distance to prior mention role of prior mention animacy …………. § cumulative effect leading to a resultant choice § overarching cognitive domain: activation in the § speaker’s working memory probabilistic 11

Referential choice is probabilistic § In Cheney's narrative, Russia was a blooming democracy during the 1990 s, but in recent years it has turned into a sinister dictatorship where people live in fear. In castigating Vladimir Putin, Cheney believes that he is speaking for the Russian masses. He fancies himself as Reagan at the Berlin wall. Except he isn't. Had Cheney done his homework and consulted a few opinion polls, which are extensive and reliable in Russia, he would have discovered that Putin has a 75 percent approval rating, about twice that of President Bush. Newsweek, May 29, 2006 12

Example 2. Finite vs. non-finite predicate form in Karachay-Balkar § men I § birinci first § qal-a-ma … bar-a-ma, go-Pres-1 Sg FINITE VERB FORMS k. Un bar-a-ma da day go-Pres-1 Sg and Qashxataw-Dat kece stay-Pres-1 Sg night qa. SXataw-Ra, zuwuq-lar-ybyz-da. relative-Pl-1 Pl-Loc I start off, on the first day go to Qashxataw, stay overnight with our relatives 13

Example 2. Finite vs. non-finite predicate form in Karachay-Balkar §… e. Sek any e. St-xen-lej, §… donkey him hear-Pf-Compar qulaq-lar-y-n da ear-Pl-3 -Acc and erect-Conv §… §… ijgi … well tur. Ruz-up, ajaq al-yp, legs gather-Conv NONFINITE VERB FORMS terk qaty caf-Xal-laj tebre-gen-di. fast strong run-Pf-Compar begin-Pf-3 As soon as the donkey heard it, he erected his ears, 14 speeded up, and started running very fast

Finite vs. non-finite clause form § overwhelming character in narrative § multiple factors § purely temporal vs. causal-temporal connection to the next event § position in the chain of events § …………. § cumulative effect leading to a resultant decision § overarching cognitive domain: cognitive § connectedness, affiliation with a higher order event probabilistic 15

Clause form choice is probabilistic Original Prognosis FC LX ZB MX they added more people to him, Fin Non- Fin Fin found him a wife, Fin Non- Fin Fin and a village formed there Fin Fin Fin 16

Example 3. Direction of pitch in accent (Russian): rising vs. falling § § § . . (0. 3) Посмотрели мы этот /концерт, We watched that /concert, . . (0. 1) куда-то пош-шли. (and) went somewhere. . (0. 6) Тут. . (0. 3) ээ(0. 3). . (0. 4) мы встречаем мою /маму с папой , Then … we meet my /mom with my dad, . . . (0. 6) откуда-то, from somewhere, . . . (0. 9) и '. . (0. 3) мы '. . (0. 4) куда-то поехали. and we started for some place. 17

Direction of pitch in accent § § overwhelming character multiple factors § § cumulative effect leading to a resultant choice overarching cognitive domain: the hypercategory of ‘phase’, or ‘transitional continuity’; the role of the current discourse unit in the on-line communicative flow of discourse 18 probabilistic § § whether the discourse unit in question is the terminal one in an illocutionary act or ‘sentence’ § if yes, which illocutionary meaning it bears § if not, what pitch direction is projected for the nuclear accent of the following EDU § whether the current EDU is in the mainline of discourse or is a postpositional addendum (elaboration) to the previous EDU § ………….

Direction of pitch in accent is probabilistic §. . . (0. 6) Тут. . (0. 3) ээ(0. 3). . (0. 4) мы встречаем мою /маму с папой , Then … we meet my /mom with my dad, 19

Direction of pitch in accent is probabilistic §. . . (0. 6) Тут. . (0. 3) ээ(0. 3). . (0. 4) мы встречаем мою ма му с папой , Then … we meet my /mom with my dad, §If this kind of online correction is possible, this demonstrates that there is a zone in which a decision on the choice is fairly hard to arrive at. 20

Further features of multifactorial, probabilistic choices § Can be very quick § Routinized § Hardly consciously made § But very efficient and very important: § lack of the ability to perform aforementioned choices would mean a real aphasia § Don’t have to be discrete, can be continuous 21

Role of choice in language § Grammar can be viewed as a system guiding various linguistic choices § I find it surprising that the notion of choice is not salient in discussions of language production 22

Questions for interdisciplinary discussion § Is the notion of ‘choice’ important to other § § cognitive domains besides language? Is the notion of choice useful for the general enterprise of cognitive science? Cf. behavioral analogs of linguistic mini-choices: § braking or accelerating in driving § using right or left hand when reaching for an object § order of biting and supping during a meal § In psychology, ‘choice’ and ‘decision making’ are mostly discussed in the context of complex cognitive processes that involve reasoning 23

Occasional usage in psychology § “For example, a boxer facing an opponent who can attack with the left or right fist must make a fast decision about what to do. In situations like this, the ‘choice’ reaction time is substantially longer, mainly reflecting the increased processing demands associated with selecting and programming the appropriate action. ” (Jos J. Adam and Martinus J. Bueckers. Action. In: Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. London: Nature Publishing Group. 2003. Vol. 1, pp. 1420). 24

Concluding suggestions § Speech, and behavior in general, are full of making choices § It is important to explore the types of choices and their characteristic properties § Particularly interesting are multi-factorial choices as they present a big challenge to our explanatory models § A theory is necessary of how the relevant factors interact and how their differential weights give rise to a resultant net effect 25

Making the right choice is important 26

Sometimes it is really probabilistic 27

But not making a choice can even be lethal Buridan’s ass 28