Muhammads Early Life Muhammad was born around 570

Muhammad’s Early Life Muhammad was born around 570 C. E. By age 30 he was a merchant and married 610 C. E. he received revelations from Allah through the archangel Gabriel God in Arabic is Allah Muhammad was a prophet of Allah, the final prophet By 620 C. E. , people of Mecca began to follow Muhammad

The Quran And Hadith The Quran: The holy book of Islam Written texts of Muhammad’s teachings “Definitive authority for Islamic religious doctrine and social organization” Hadith: Sayings attributed to Muhammad and descriptions of his deeds Many collections emerged centuries after his death

Migration To Medina Muhammad’s teachings ran counter to those in Mecca Muhammad stated that Allah was the only god Many Arabs were polytheistic Muhammad also spoke against idolatry Muhammad fled to Yathrib, renamed Medina in 622 C. E. This is known as the Hijra and marks the beginning of the Islamic Calendar

The Umma Muhammad organized his followers in Medina into a community called the umma Followed a legal and social code Focused on providing for those less fortunate (one of the 5 Pillars of Islam)

Return To Mecca 630 C. E. Muhammad and his followers conquered the city of Mecca Built mosques, destroyed pagan shrines The only building that survived was the Ka’ba 632 C. E. Muhammad led the first pilgrimage to the Ka’ba, known as the hajj (Another of the 5 Pillars of Islam)

The 5 Pillars Of Islam 1. Muslims must acknowledge Allah as the only god and Muhammad was his prophet 2. Pray to Allah while facing Mecca 3. Fast during daylight during the month of Ramadan 4. Give alms to the poor 5. Make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca if financially and physically able to

Key Terms Jihad: Means struggle Some interpret to combat vice and evil. some interpret to spread the word of Islam, some interpret to wage war against nonbelievers Sharia: Islamic holy law Inspired by the teachings and life of Muhammad Dar al-Islam: Home of Islam Countries where Muslims can practice their religion as the ruling sect

Caliphs After Muhammad, new Muslim leaders emerged, called Caliphs Head of Islamic community and religious leader 1 st Caliph - Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s father-in-law

Shia Most Muslims are members of Sunni Islam Shia Muslims emerged as a result over the selection of caliphs Shia supported Ali and his decedents as caliphs Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad Ali eventually served as the 4 th caliph

Expansion Of Islamic armies expanded beyond Arabia after Muhammad’s death 633 C. E. - 637 C. E. : Conquered Byzantine Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia 640 s: Conquered Egypt 711 - 718: Northwest Africa and Iberian peninsula

Islamic Dynasties Umayyad Established there capital at Damascus, Syria Ruled dar al-Islam as conquerors Empire also included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and Buddhists These people could practice their religion if they paid a tax, jizya

Islamic Dynasties - Abbasid Abu al-Abbas, a descendent of Muhammad’s uncle led a rebellion against the Umayyad Dynasty Ruled until 1258 C. E. when they were defeated by the Mongols Administration: Rulers built capital cities and made policies Regional governors ruled territories Baghdad was built as the capital of the dynasty Surrounded bu 3 walls Ulama (those with religious knowledge) and qadis (judges) settled disputes

Islamic Dynasties - Abbasid Harun al-Rashid Caliph under the Abbasid dynasty (786 - 809 C. E. ) Baghdad became a center for banking, commerce, and industry during this time Decline of the Abbasid Dynasty: Governors stopped paying taxes and giving loyalty to the Abbasid empire

Quick Recap Quran and Hadith Muhammad’s migration to Medina and back to Mecca 5 Pillars of Islam Caliphs Shia vs. Sunni Muslims Umayyad Dynasty Abbasid Dynasty