Mughal Empire 1526 1857 By Prof R K

Mughal Empire 1526 - 1857 By Prof. R. K. Malik, Dept. of Chemistry, MDU.

Delhi Saltant OR Empire [Before Mughals, 1526] Delhi Saltant was group of various Independent Dynasties (Vansh) ØSlave Dynasty ØKhilji Dynasty (Allaudin Khilji attacked to get Rani Padmawati) ØTughluk Dynasty ØSayyad Dynasty ØLodhi Dynasty (Last emperor of Delhi Sultanate was Ibrahim Lodhi & his brother Daulat Khan Lodhi was subedar of Lahore at that time. ) The purpose of attacks/ battle fought at that time was not for ruling but for following: • Robbery for Gold & Silver from temples and women. • Kidnapping of women for rape purpose. • To people slave for free labour.

The Mughal Empire was an empire of Indian subcontinent, which was founded in 1526 by BABAR

MUGHAL EMPERORS IN INDIA • Mhd. Zahiruddin Babar: 1526 -1530 • Humayun: 1530 -40 & 1555 -56 (full life struggle) • Akbar: 1556 -1605 (1 st Longest ruler, 49 years ) • Jahangir/Salim: 1605 -1627 • Shahjahan: 1628 -58 (3 rd longest) • Aurangzeb: 1658 -1707 (2 nd longest ruler, 49 years)

Moh. Zahiruddin Babar [1526 -30] • Birth: 14 Feb 1483 • Place: Fergana Kabul (Afghanistan) • Father: Umar Sheikh Mirza • Mother: Outlaugh Nigar Khanum • Autobiography: Babarnama (Turkish) He was king of Kabul at that time in young age & famous Lootera/Invader. He came to Delhi for attack, on the call of Daulat Khan Lodhi(Subedar of Lahore) to kill his big brother Ibrahim Lodhi, emperor of Delhi at that time. • 1 st Battle of Panipat: Babar & Ibrahim Lodhi, Babar was winner. • Babur was cruel Invader like Mongolians, who attack suddenly in night time with large number of soldiers & artilleries (TOPS) • Babur was founder of Mughal Empire in 1526, came from Kabul. • He came for purpose of loot but stayed permanently in Bharat due best weather conditions & availability of variety of foods as compared to in Kabul. • Very 1 st attack of Babar in 1519 at BHERA, Rajasthan silently.

Battles fought by Babar: 4 winner • Panipat: 1526 A. D against Ibrahim Lodhi, winner. • Khanwa: 1527 A. D against Rana Sanga, winner. • Chanderi: 1528 A. D against Medni Rai, winner • Ghagra: 1529 A. D against Afghani forces, winner Death: 1530 A. D • Tomb: at Agra & Kabul • Battle win with help of TOOPS/ Artilleries • Babar was Turk or Turkian In Babarnama, he told Raja Krishan Dev Rai as a powerful king of Vijay Nagar • Official language of Mughals was Persian.

Humayun: 1530 -40 & 1555 -56 Son of Babar: Humayun Wife: Hamida Banu Buildings: Deenpanh City & Sher-e-mandal (Big Library) Battles: • Battle of Devra: 1531, with Sher-Shah-Suri, but winner. • Battle of Chausa: 1539 with SSS, but defeated. • Battle of Kanauj/Bilgram: 1540, badly defeated & run back to Iran. Thus, dynasty of SSS was set up in Delhi. Who started the currency of Rupee. (In 1100 AD, Story of Jai Chand & Prithvi Raj Chauhan ) • Battle of Sar-hind: 1555, with Sikandar Shah Suri (Son of SSS) & winner

Humayun Visit to IRAN: 1540 • King Shah-Tamas: Khalipha of IRAN • Got married to Hamida-Bano • Came back to Delhi, in midway, Hamida Bano was pregnant and gave birth to Moh. Allaudin Akbar in 1542, in empire of Raja Veer-Shaal. • He attacked in 1555, on dynasty of SSS in Delhi again with his bro Hindal & Kamran (Subedar of Meerut) and win Delhi to set up Mughal dynasty. • This battle in 1555 was called Battle of Sar-hind, b/w Humayun & Sikandar. Shah Suri(was killed, end of Suri dynasty). • He died by falling from the stairs of his own made Library in 1556 at Sher-e Mandal.

Sher-Shah-Suri: 1540 -45 • • • Suri-Dynasty: 1540 – 55 SSS was son of Hasan-Khan Jameendar (of Sasaram) Tomb: Sasaram in Bihar. Childhood name of SSS was Freed-Khan, he killed a lion in empire of Shah Lohani (King of Sasaram) & given new name Sher-Shas. After the battle of Chausa in 1539, he got new name Sher-Shah-Suri because, he defeated 1 st time any Mughal (Humayun). Sher-Shah-Suri was first Indian person to defeat any Mughal. He introduced the currency Rupee in Hindustan with help of Silver coins and laterally both Ag & Gold coins. Sadak-e-azam: Sonar(Bangla Desh) to Peshawar or G. T Road or Uttar path or Long walk. It goes through Hindustan. Building: Old Fort or Quila-e-kuhani in Delhi. He died in 1545 while Kalinjar Victory by Bomb of his own army by mistake due to foolishness of the soldiers.

Akbar: 1556 -1605 (1 st Longest ruler, 49 years ) • Birth: 15 October 1542, Son of Humayun & Hamida-Bano in palace of Raja Veer-Shall at Amarkot. • He started to rule the Mughal empire at age of 14 years with supervision of the commander Barham-Khan. • Turning point: 1556, Battle of Panipat with Hemu • Hemu: Commander of SSS (named Vikramaditya), he retaliate and fought battle with Akbar, commander Barham-Khan. • The Great Akbar didn’t like the brutality in war and announced to stop all type of cruelty with people. • A said that only we get only tax from the people of Mughal sultanate and will provide security from Invaders.

Bairam-Khan: 1556 -60 • Super commander of Akbar in 1 st Battle of Panipat. • Maham-anga: 2 nd mother of Akbar who saved life of Akbar once from arrow once so, Akbar always followed her. She was very power-full lady in Akbar empire. • She was doing conspiracy with Akbar to make King his own son, after death of Humayun. • Bairam-Khan was sent by Akbar on HAJ-Yatra and killed by Afghans in 1560 on the way. • Haram Govt: Peti-cot Govt. 1560 -62, run by Maham-anga in absence of Bairam. Khan for two years. Akbar was busy in Raj-Nity & War-tricks.

War Succession & Marriage: • Akbar announced a letter to all the kings of Bharat to accept his slavery. He will give security to all at the cost of tax only. • 1556: Battle of Panipat. • 1561: Battle of Malwa with Baz-Bahadur • 1562: Treaty with Amer (King Bharmal) King Bharmal accepted the conditions of Akbar & proposed Akbar to get marriage with his daughter (Heer Kumari) to save Amer Rajpoots. • Heer-Kumari was named Jhodhabai later, she used to go to in court of Akbar for his help in ruling matters. • 1569: Battle of Ranthambore & Bundelkhand • 1573: Battle of Gujrat with Muzaffar-Shah.

• 1567: Battle of Haldi-Ghati with Maha-Rana Pratap. Mann Sing (nephew of Jodhabai) fought form side of Akbar because, he knows power of Maha-Rana Pratap. • 1581: Battle of Kabul with Mirza-Hakim. & 1592: Sindh • 1599: Battle of Ahmed Nagar with King Chand-Biwi. • 1601: Battle of Ashir. Garh. This was last victory of Akbar in 1601.

Work & Buildings: • 1562: Slavery system abolished. • 1563: Pilgrim Tax Abolished from people (hindu). • 1564: Jazia-Tax Abolished. (tax on non-muslims, imposed of Firzshah. Tuglak first time) • 1571: Fatehpur Sikri, Buland Darwaja (Capital of Mughals) • 1575: Ibadat Khana for Muslims, laterally opened for all. But, all stopped to go this Ibadat-Khana & it was shut down. • 1582: Akbar proposed a new religion Din-e-ILAHI, but is was accepted only by Birbal, his advisor (Mahesh). • Mansab System: Operated by Todarmal. • Akbar tried to solve the problem of Salary of people in Mughal’s Govt. Minimum Rs 10 and maximum 12000 (Birbal, Todarmal etc. ) and will be revised after every 10 years. This act gave name AKBAR

Famous Buildings: • Tuladaan System: for poor people. • Deewane Aaam • Deewane-Khaas • Agra Fort • Fatehpur Sikiri • Allahabad Fort/ Paryagraj • Bulland Darwaja • Jodhabai Mahal • Ibadat Khana

Akbar’s Nine Jewels” or 9 RATANS • Birbal: or Mahesh Das, as advisor. • Taansen: or Ramtanu Great musician • Todarmal: Finance minister. • Maan Singh: Chief Commander (Nephew of Jodhabai) • Abdul-Rahim-Khan: Poet, son of Bairam-Khan He wrote Babarnama(turky) into Persian language, Tujke-Bawari. • Abdul-Fazal: Poet, wrote Aine Akbar & Akbarnama. • Faiz: Poet • Mulla-do-Pyaza: Cook

Jahangir: 1605 -27(Salim in childhood) King of Justice • Son: Jhodhabai & Akbar • Salim, named after the name of Hakeem Sheikh Slim Chishti • He punished 5 th Dharam guru of Sikhs (Arjun-Dev) • Marriage: Ø 1585 with Manbai. Ø 1587 with Jagat Gosai (she also got a new title Jhodhabai later) Ø 1611 in his old age with Anarkali (Mehrunisha, a dancer). • Chain of Justice, 30 Yard long (bell at gate of his Mahal), famous as a king of Justice. • Tomb: At Lahore • Painting famous at that time & famous drug addict. • 1 st Britisher (Captain Hawkins, East India Company) came in parliament of Jahangir for permission of factory in 1608. • 2 nd Britisher(Thomas Row) came in 1615 for same.

Shahjahan: 1628 -58 [King of Architecture] • Childhood name: Khurram • Wife: Arjumand Bano • Four sons: Dara Sikho, Aurangzeb, Suja & Murad. • It was the golden period of Buildings. • 1631: His beloved wife died during 14 th child birth so, in her memory, Taj Mahal was built by Shahjahan in Agra. It took 22 Yrs. • 1632: He fought battel against Portuguese to abolish their impact on Hugli river. • He built a city named as Shahjahanbad. In Delhi. • Aurangzeb: He arrested his father Shahjahan and removed Dar Sikho, to became an emperor. Shahjahan requested to keep him in Agra Fort, died in 1666. •

Aurangzeb: [1658 -1707] or Alamgir Title: Zinda Peer (Live Islam), Shahi Darvesh (Fakeer) He said Kafir to all non Islamic people. Battle of Devrai: He defeated Dara Sikho in 1659 & ordered to kill him. 1659: Coronation Ceremony in Red Fort (2 nd time). 1669: He abolished Jhorakha Darshan. i. e. Banned women form open court. !669: He terminated all Musicians of his court. 1670, He abolished Tuladaan System of Great Akbar. He stopped Nauroz festival, the great festival of Farsees(By Balban in 1265) 1679: He re-imposed Zagia(tax on people, removed by Akbar, imposed by Tuglak) Building: Moti Masjid (Red Fort in Delhi) & Bibi ka Makbra (Aurangabad) in memory of Dilsarbano. • Tomb: Aurangabad in Maharashtra. • Bhagwat Geeta: It was translated in Parsi by Dara-Sikho. • • •

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