MTG Lightning Imager Proxy Data Presentation to the

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MTG Lightning Imager Proxy Data Presentation to the Convection Working Group Zagreb, Croatia 9

MTG Lightning Imager Proxy Data Presentation to the Convection Working Group Zagreb, Croatia 9 April 2014 Jochen Grandell

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Lightning Imager Science Team & Mission Advisory Group • The LI activities have been

Lightning Imager Science Team & Mission Advisory Group • The LI activities have been supported by the Lightning Imager Science Team (LIST) in 2009 -2013 • Due to program evolution, a new team (Mission Advisory Group) has been set up in early 2014. • First meeting took place on 18 -19 Feb 2014 Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Slide: 3

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

MTG to Secure Continuity and Evolution of EUMETSAT Services 2018/2019 2002 1977 MOP/MTP and

MTG to Secure Continuity and Evolution of EUMETSAT Services 2018/2019 2002 1977 MOP/MTP and 2021 MSG MTG-I and MTG-S Observation mission: - MVIRI: 3 channels Observation missions: - SEVIRI: 12 channels - GERB Spinning satellite Class 800 kg Spinning satellite Class 2 -ton Implementation of the EUMETSAT Mandate for the Geostationary Programme Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Observation missions: - Flex. Comb. Imager: 16 channels - Infra-Red Sounder - Lightning Imager - UVN 3 -axis stabilised satellites Twin Sat configuration Class 3. 6 -ton Atmospheric Chemistry Mission (UVN-S 4): via GMES Sentinel 4 (Ultraviolet Visible Near-infrared spectrometer) Slide: 5

Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO Feasibility of lightning detection from

Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO Feasibility of lightning detection from space by optical sensors has been proven by NASA instruments since 1995 on low earth orbits (LEO) OTD (1995 -2000) Results from LIS/OTD: Global lightning distribution Annual flash density LIS (1997 -present) Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Geostationary lightning imaging – objectives and benefits The LI on MTG measures Total Lightning:

Geostationary lightning imaging – objectives and benefits The LI on MTG measures Total Lightning: Cloud-to-Cloud Lightning (IC) and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning (CG) Main benefit from GEO observations: homogeneous and continuous observations delivering information on location and strength of lightning flashes to the users with a timeliness of 30 seconds Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Main objectives are to detect, monitor, track and extrapolate in time: • • • Development of active convective areas and storm lifecycle Lightning climatology Chemistry (NOx production)

Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO lightning missions in preparation by

Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO lightning missions in preparation by several agencies (in USA, Europe, China) for this decade. . . all of these are building on LIS/OTD heritage Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) on GOES-R (USA) Lightning Imager (LI) on MTG (Europe) Geostationary Lightning Imager (GLI) on FY-4 (China) 2015 2018 2015/2016 Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Lightning Imager (LI) main characteristics CMOS Back-thinned backside illuminated detectors with integrated ADCs Coverage

Lightning Imager (LI) main characteristics CMOS Back-thinned backside illuminated detectors with integrated ADCs Coverage close to visible disc The baseline for the LI is a 4 -camera solution 1170 x 1000 pixels per camera. Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Slide: 10

Lightning Imager (LI) Status Update • LI instrument and mission prime contractor is Selex

Lightning Imager (LI) Status Update • LI instrument and mission prime contractor is Selex ES from Italy, which includes the: • Development of the LI instrument • . . . and also the L 0 -L 1 b data processing software • MTG LI Phase B 2 has been kicked off in 2012 • SRR (System Requirements Review) done in two parts, finished in spring 2013 • PDR (Preliminary Design Review) started towards end of 2013 at instrument level – Mission level PDR in late spring 2014. Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Slide: 11

Lightning Imager (LI) main characteristics • LI main characteristics: • Measurements at 777. 4

Lightning Imager (LI) main characteristics • LI main characteristics: • Measurements at 777. 4 nm • Coverage close to visible disc • Continuous measurements of (lightning) triggered events – in addition, background images typically once every minute • Ground sample distance at SSP ~4. 5 km => 4. 7 million pixels • Integration time per frame 1 ms (parameterised) • Background subtraction and event detection in on-board electronics • Data rate <30 Mbps; Mass < 110 Kg; Power < 320 W Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Slide: 12

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

L 2 Flashes/Groups/Events • Product Terminology: • Events: • Groups: • Flashes: Convection Workingf

L 2 Flashes/Groups/Events • Product Terminology: • Events: • Groups: • Flashes: Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 what the instrument measures, a triggered pixel in the detector grid collection of neighbouring triggered events in the same integration period (1 -2 ms), representing roughly a lightning stroke in nature a collection of groups in temporal and spatial vicinity (XX km, YY ms), representing a “geophysical” flash.

L 2 Flashes/Groups/Events The “Flash tree” combining the events and the groups into one

L 2 Flashes/Groups/Events The “Flash tree” combining the events and the groups into one flash Triggered event #1 Group #1. 1 Triggered event #2 Triggered event #3 Triggered event #4 Group #1. 2 Triggered event #5 Triggered event #6 Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Flash A

Groups and Flashes – LIS approach followed Example/Conceptual representation of a L 2 processing

Groups and Flashes – LIS approach followed Example/Conceptual representation of a L 2 processing sequence: “Events” Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 “Groups” “Flashes”

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

L 2 Accumulated Products • Accumulated products: • Collecting samples from a 30 second

L 2 Accumulated Products • Accumulated products: • Collecting samples from a 30 second buffer • Resampled to the 2 -km FCI-IR grid for simple visualising with FCI data • Events define the extent in the products • Flashes define the values in the products • For a longer temporal accumulation, the 30 second products can be stacked • Three products in all: • Accumulated flashes • Accumulated flash index • Accumulated flash radiance Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Slide: 18

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Proxy data basics (1) • MTG LI is without heritage in GEO orbit, and

Proxy data basics (1) • MTG LI is without heritage in GEO orbit, and the closest comparison is the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on TRMM – currently still in operation • However, LIS flying on LEO orbit can only monitor storms for less than 2 minutes at a time • In addition, coverage is limited to +/- 35 deg Lat => Europe is excluded • Use of ground-based Lightning Location System (LLS) networks as a source of proxy data is not straightforward, as they are based on RF observations of lightning and are sensitive to different parts of the lightning process • “apples and oranges” Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Proxy data basics (2) • The best compromise is to use ground-based lightning data,

Proxy data basics (2) • The best compromise is to use ground-based lightning data, but converted to optical pulses based on case study comparisons with LIS data. • One of the networks in operation in Europe (LINET) is currently the main source of such proxy data for the LI activities. • LINET data has been compared in measurement campaigns to other ground-based systems and to LIS • As an outcome, a model for transforming the LINET stroke data into optical emission (“pulses”) has been created Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Thunderstorm Electrification Lightning and its Emissions • VHF – Very High Frequency, Convection Workingf

Thunderstorm Electrification Lightning and its Emissions • VHF – Very High Frequency, Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 (V)LF – (Very) Low Frequency

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

LINET network coverage Central Europe well covered (2008 data) Sensor baselines highly varying across

LINET network coverage Central Europe well covered (2008 data) Sensor baselines highly varying across the network (= distance between sensors) Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Modeling of MTG-LI Optical Signals Strategy for Proxy Data Generation Transformation of LINET RF

Modeling of MTG-LI Optical Signals Strategy for Proxy Data Generation Transformation of LINET RF stroke data into optical groups by modeling of cloud top optical emission: • Simulation of the number of optical groups per stroke (depending on LINET detection efficiency, i. e. sensor baseline, in the area) If this number is ≥ 1: • Generation of one direct coincident optical group per LINET stroke • Random generation of additional optical groups per LINET stroke according to a log-normal model for radiance, footprint and time Generation of optical events from RF stroke data Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Slide 25 > Eumetsat, Vienna, September 2013 > Hartmut Höller

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

L 2 prototype processor A prototype L 2 processor in Matlab The main objectives

L 2 prototype processor A prototype L 2 processor in Matlab The main objectives of the prototype processor are: Implementation, testing and verification of the L 2 algorithms. Verification and validation of the proxy data Flash/group clustering parameters easily set for each individual run Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

L 2 Accumulated products => Proxy data examples • Example animations shown for the

L 2 Accumulated products => Proxy data examples • Example animations shown for the Accumulated flash index product • Proxy data pulses LI proxy events L 2 processor L 2 flashes + Accumulated products • The original 30 sec product stacked into several longer periods for demonstration purposes: • • 15 min (= SEVIRI Full Disk Service today) 10 min (= FCI Full Disk Scanning Service FDC) 5 min (= FCI Rapid Scanning Service FDC/2) 2. 5 min (= FCI Rapid Scanning Service FDC/4) Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Preparing for a user readiness study • Because of no heritage in orbit or

Preparing for a user readiness study • Because of no heritage in orbit or business-as-usual products, feedback and comments regarding the data usage and upcoming end-products delivered by EUMETSAT are needed. • Charting the readiness of the main data users (i. e. , National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, NMHS). • Ensuring that the users are able to give valuable input already before the instrument is launched. • End-users getting a first glimpse on the data before the LI instrument itself is operational. • In addition to LINET as input data, an extension of the method is in development to have a similar approach applicable to the NORDLIS/EUCLID network as well (work in progress). EUM/KOEEEE Issue <No. > Convection Workingf Group <Date> 9 April 2014 Slide: 30

L 2 Accumulated products • Animations: All for 20 June 2013, different accumulation times

L 2 Accumulated products • Animations: All for 20 June 2013, different accumulation times Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Full Domain: 150 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Full Domain: 150 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Zoom: 150 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Zoom: 150 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Full Domain: 300 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Full Domain: 300 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Zoom: 300 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Zoom: 300 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Full Domain: 600 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Full Domain: 600 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Zoom: 600 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Zoom: 600 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Full Domain: 900 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Full Domain: 900 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Zoom: 900 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Zoom: 900 s Accumulation Time Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status

Topics • Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context • MTG LI status update • MTG LI products • Heritage products from LEO experiences • Accumulated products • • • Proxy data basics LINET-based proxy data L 2 Prototype processor L 2 accumulated (proxy) product examples Summary Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Summary • Proxy data needed for product/algorithm development, system level testing, and user readiness

Summary • Proxy data needed for product/algorithm development, system level testing, and user readiness preparation • For the Lightning Imager, being without heritage, the creation of representative proxy data has been a top priority • LINET, a ground-based system covering much of Europe has been used as a vehicle for developing the proxy data • Based on LIS-LINET comparisons, as well as comparison to other networks’ data (CHUVA campaign) • LIST activity started in 2009 and continued since through various activities • The accumulated flash product demonstration presented • User readiness study employing the proxy data in preparation Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Back-up slides Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Back-up slides Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

Accumulated flashes, status at t = 10 s Event count in the 30 sec

Accumulated flashes, status at t = 10 s Event count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid) = Events in Flash #1 3 2 1 1 2 Flash count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid) 1 1 1 EUM/ Conceptual illustration Issue <No. > Convection Workingf Group <Date> 9 April 2014 Slide: 43 1

Accumulated flashes, status at t = 20 s Event count in the 30 sec

Accumulated flashes, status at t = 20 s Event count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid) = Events in Flash #1 2 1 = Events in Flash #2 1 4 2 1 1 1 2 Flash count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid) 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 EUM/ Conceptual illustration Issue <No. > Convection Workingf Group <Date> 9 April 2014 Slide: 44 2 1

Accumulated flashes, status at t = 29 s Event count in the 30 sec

Accumulated flashes, status at t = 29 s Event count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid) = Events in Flash #1 2 1 1 = Events in Flash #2 1 2 = Events in Flash #3 1 6 3 1 1 1 2 Flash count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid) 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 EUM/ Conceptual illustration Issue <No. > Convection Workingf Group <Date> 9 April 2014 Slide: 45 2 1

Detection of a Lightning Optical Signal • Lightning with a background signal changing with

Detection of a Lightning Optical Signal • Lightning with a background signal changing with time: Radiation energy Background Lightning signal Day Night Time • Lightning on top of a bright background is not recognised by its bright radiance, but by its transient short pulse character • For detection of lightning, a variable adapting threshold has to be used for each pixel which takes into account the change in the background radiance • (in LIS: background calculated as a moving average) Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Slide: 46

From a Lightning Optical Signal to MTG LI Events • Detection of events in

From a Lightning Optical Signal to MTG LI Events • Detection of events in a nutshell: This is taking place in every 1 ms frame (1 k. Hz): Background scene tracking and removal Thresholding • True lightning events (triggered by a lightning optical signal) • False events (not related to lightning) Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Event detection False event filtering needed in L 0 -L 1 processing

Use of proxy data within the MTG program activities • Data is being and

Use of proxy data within the MTG program activities • Data is being and will be used in: • Algorithm development & testing • System level testing • User readiness activities • Proxy data also shared with other agencies • NOAA GOES-R GLM team – Steve Goodman • In talks to cooperate also with CMA on proxy data Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

LINET operating principle • LINET operating at the VLF/LF frequency range Lightning Detection Network

LINET operating principle • LINET operating at the VLF/LF frequency range Lightning Detection Network LINET observes sferics at VLF/LF from larger discharges Lightning Mapping Array LMA observes VHF pulses from small-scale breakdown Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014 Slide 49 > Eumetsat, Vienna, September 2013 > Hartmut Höller

L 2 prototype processor (2) Screenshot of the prototype processor Matlab GUI Flash/group clustering

L 2 prototype processor (2) Screenshot of the prototype processor Matlab GUI Flash/group clustering parameters easily set for each individual run Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014

L 2 prototype processor (1) • A prototype L 2 processor has been developed

L 2 prototype processor (1) • A prototype L 2 processor has been developed in the EUMETSAT TCE environment using the Matlab language. • The main objectives of the prototype processor are: • Implementation, testing and verification of the L 2 algorithms. • Verification and validation of the various proxy data used for L 2 (and L 0 -L 1) processor development. Convection Workingf Group 9 April 2014