MT EVEREST CLASS PRESENTATION Into Thin Air by

MT. EVEREST CLASS PRESENTATION Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer

Who is John Krakauer? David Esca and Hannah May

Who is Jon Krakauer ● Born April 12, 1954 in Brookline Massachusetts ● Attended Hampshire University in Massachusetts ● Married Linda Moore in 1980 ● American writer and mountaineer ● Writer for outdoor magazine ● Author of many best selling books

Why Jon Krakauer is Important ● Krakauer climbed a new route on devils thumb in Alaska ● He completed some small climbs but is most known for the climb of Everest ● His famous Everest climb ended in a disaster for many people ● He made it to the top of Everest ● Hes a very famous author that tells all of the stories and things that took place on his expedition

What and Where are the Himalayas?

What Are The Himalayas? ● The Himalayas are a mountain range that contains over 100 mountains. ● Has over 1, 500 glaciers. ● Highest peak is Mt. Everest at an estimated 29, 000 feet.

Where Are The Himalayas? ● Covers an estimated amount of 1, 500 miles and passes through six countries ● It is separated into three sections; outer ranges, middle ranges and the greater Himalayas ● 3 of the worlds largest rivers run through it.

What is Mt Everest? Geology, Elevation, and Climate

Elevation and Climate -The elevation of Mt. Everest is 29, 035 feet above sea level -Mt. Everest touches the top of the troposphere -Atmospheric pressure 346 MB (millibars), pressure at sea level 1013. 25 MB -Temperature always at freezing -A lot of wind, speeds up to 175 MPH

Geology ❖ Granite rock ❖ Metamorphic rock ❖ Used to be at the bottom of Tethys sea over 400 million years ago ❖ Everest is divided in three units called “Formations”

Notable Expeditions Tanner Lewis and Daisy Keech

First Known Expedition ● Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, were the first people to reach peak of Mt. Everest ● They could only stay for 15 minutes before they had to set off due to low oxygen

Deadliest Day on Mt. Everest ● Avalanche on April 18, 2014; Occured west shoulder of Everest ● Knocked 20 -25 people down and killed 16 climbers ● This disaster caused the most deaths on Everest in one expedition

What does it cost to Climb Mt. Everest? Training and Costs

Training In order to climb Mt. Everest, you need to: ● ● ● Be in good shape Have a strong upper body Gain a noticeable amount of weight Need to practice for cardiovascular training for 12 months straight Can't have any cuts or sickness Have the right materials

Cost to climb Mt. Everest ● ● Starts at about $35, 000 $10, 000 for mountains permit Pay guiding companies about $65, 000 Group of climbers cost about $70, 000

What are the paths to the summit and how do they differ? Path[s] to the Summit

Southeast Ridge ● Easiest route ● Starts in Nepal ● Total of 4 camps (not including basecamp) ● The most frequently used route ● Successfully climbed 1140 times with 80 fatalities, giving it a fatality rate of 7% ● Khumbu Icefall is considered the most dangerous part of the journey, but many climbers have also died by falling into a crevasse on the Lhotse Face

North Ridge ● Starts in Nepal ● Total of 4 camps (not including basecamp) ● Successfully climbed 655 times with 62 fatalities, giving it a fatality rate of 9% ● Most deaths are from avalanches on the North Col, or falling off the Northeast Ridge and down the ledges of the Yellow Band

8000 Meter Peaks What are they?

Expeditions of the 14 Peaks ● ● ● 14 mountains that are more than 8000 m above sea level 1 st attempt by Albert F. Mummery and J. Norman Coille attempted Nanga Pailbat in 1895 but were killed in an avalanche June 3 rd, 1950 was the 1 st successful climb by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal who climbed Annapurna Reinhold Messner was 1 st to climb all 14 mountains- October 16 th, 1986 As of 2011, 26 people have climbed all 14 peaks successfully Gerlindo Kallenbrumer was 1 st woman to climb all 14 peaks without supplementary oxygen

The 7 Summits ● ● ● ● Summits are the highest mountains on each of the seven continents South America- Aconcugua (6, 961 m) Europe- Mount Elbrus (5, 642 m) Asia- Mt. Everest (8, 848 m) North America- Mt. Mckinley (6, 194 m) Africa- Kilimanjaro (5, 895 m) Antarctica- Mt. Vinja (4, 892 m) Australia- Puncak Jaya (4, 884 m) 7

Who are the Sherpa?

SHERPA ● ● Ethnic group in Eastern Nepal ������ Population around 152, 000 Speak Sharpa and Nepali languages 93% of the religion is Tibetan Buddhism

SHERPA ● ● ● Sherpa have immigrated to the U. S mostly to NYC Sherpas have a high risk of avalanches Sherpas are well known for their culture in native land The word “sherpa” mean eastern people Sherpas were farmers and traders that adapted well to high altitudes

Who is George Leigh Mallory?

Who is George Leigh Mallory? ● He was an English mountaineer. ● In the 1920’s he was part of an British expedition to Everest. ● Him and his partner Andrew Irvine attempted the first ascent up Everest. ● On their ascent they disappeared and their ● Bodies weren’t found for 75 years.

Who is Sir Edmund Hillary?

What was his life like? ● Born July 20 th, 1919 in Auckland, New Zealand ● Grew up in a small village called Takau ● Time Magazine named him one of the most influential people of the 20 th Century

What’d He Do? d 2 ● He was the first to climb everest w/ Tibetan Climber Tenzing Norgay in 1953 ● His first major climb was mount oliver at age 20 ● He lived a troubled life, unfortunately his wife and youngest daughter died in a plane crash in 1975

Who is Tenzing Norgay?

Who is Tenzing Norgay? ● He was one of the first two individuals known to have reached the summit of Mt. Everest alongside Sir Edmund Hillary ● They had success in reaching the top after 6 tries. ● He is a Nepali Indian Sherpa mountaineer.

Why is he important? ● In 1953 he took part in John Junt’s expedition. When a member of the team, Edmund Hillary, who fell into a crevasse, Tenzing Norgay saved him from hitting the bottom ● He received a George medal from Queen Elizabeth for his efforts. ● After climbing Everest, he became the first director of field training for the Himalayan Mountaineering institute.

Who is Rob Hall?

Life of Rob Hall Born January 14, 1961 Died May 11, 1996 He died of Hypothermia Mountaineering guide From New Zealand Best known for his 1996 expedition Successfully guided 39 climbers to the summit of Mount Everest before 1996 ● He climbed the seven summits in seven months ● He charged 65, 000 for a guided expedition to the summit of Everest, per client ● ● ● ●

- On the 1996 expedition he had 8 climbers and 3 guides Rob Hall died on the mountain May 11 is when Rob Hall reached summit in 1996

What is H. A. P. E. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema?

What is High Altitude Pulmonary Edema? accumulation of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs due to leaky capillaries stops airflow of oxygen in the lungs symptoms start gradually within the first 2 -4 days at altitude the more fluid accumulated, the worse the symptoms such as bloody cough, chest tightness or congestion, & severe weakness ● low oxygen in body & bluish appearance of the skin ● x-ray can confirm fluid in the lungs ● patients progress to unconsciousness, coma, & death ● ● ●

How Can You Treat H. A. P. E? ● rest, administration of oxygen, descent to lower altitude ● if diagnosed early enough, recovery is rapid with a descent of only 500 -100 m ● portable hyperbaric chambers are used if the person ●

What is H. A. C. E. High Altitude Cerebral Edema

● Swelling in the brain at high altitudes ● Symptoms of confusion and feeling intoxicated ● 4 types (Vasogenic, Cytotoxic, Osmotic, interstitial)

● You can treat it with a steroid called Dexamethasone ● The person must be lowered in altitude and have oxygen therapy with a device called a Gamow

Recommended Gear on Everest

Gear ● ● ● Helmet Goggles Hat Boots Base Layers Mountaineering Suit Oxygen Tank Crampons Backpack Ice Axe Face/Neck Gaiter

Other Gear Campsite 2 Way Communication Food Sleeping Bag