MSW I Semester I GV Methods of Social

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MSW I Semester I GV Methods of Social Work – I: Work with Individuals

MSW I Semester I GV Methods of Social Work – I: Work with Individuals and Families (Social Casework) Dr. Jaimon Varghese

1. Social Casework as a Method of Social Work iii. Philosophical Assumptions and Values

1. Social Casework as a Method of Social Work iii. Philosophical Assumptions and Values of Social Casework iv. Concept, Definitions & Knowledgebase for Social Case Work v. Components of casework (Perlman’s model) a. Person- client, significant others and collaterals b. Problem- need, impaired social functioning c. Place- agency, objectives, functions, policies and resources. d. Process- casework intervention 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 04 Method 1: Social Casework 2

iii. Philosophical Assumptions and Values of Social Casework (Grace Mathew, 1992: 7 -8) •

iii. Philosophical Assumptions and Values of Social Casework (Grace Mathew, 1992: 7 -8) • "assumptions" means basic and vital philosophical concepts in social work which cannot be empirically proved • values are philosophical assumptions • Philosophical means generated out of collective thinking in response to fundamental questions, like • What is the worth of a human being? • Can he live for himself or does he have any duty towards his fellow human beings? • What is the purpose of human life? • 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 04 Method 1: Social Casework 3

iii. Philosophical Assumptions and Values of Social Casework (Grace Mathew, 1992: 7 -8) •

iii. Philosophical Assumptions and Values of Social Casework (Grace Mathew, 1992: 7 -8) • Philosophical values constitute the core beliefs for social work. • These values add motivation for their social work • Without these values, people pursue MSW just for getting a post-graduate degree rather than a desire to help people. • Non-acceptance of these values is untenable and a social work career is not meant for them. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 05 Method 1: Social Casework 4

iii. Philosophical Assumptions and Values of Social Casework (Grace Mathew, 1992: 7 -8) l.

iii. Philosophical Assumptions and Values of Social Casework (Grace Mathew, 1992: 7 -8) l. Every human being has to be considered as a person with dignity and worth. 2. Human beings are interdependent. The condition of interdependence indicates that there is a right-duty matrix which governs human interactions in social groups. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 05 Method 1: Social Casework 5

iii. Philosophical Assumptions 3. There are common human needs that need to be met

iii. Philosophical Assumptions 3. There are common human needs that need to be met for growth and development of individuals. The existence of common needs does not negate the uniqueness of the individual. Every individual is like all other human beings in some aspects, like some other human beings in some other aspects and like no other individual in certain aspects. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 06 Method 1: Social Casework 6

iii. Philosophical Assumptions 4. Every individual has within him/her, the potential for growth and

iii. Philosophical Assumptions 4. Every individual has within him/her, the potential for growth and achievement and s/he has a right to the realisation of this potential. From this, it follows that people have the capacity to change. 5. Society has an obligation to help those who do not have the means for the realisation of their potentials. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 07 Method 1: Social Casework 7

1. iv. Social Casework - Concept and Definitions • Social case wok refers to

1. iv. Social Casework - Concept and Definitions • Social case wok refers to ‘those processes which develop personality through adjustments consciously effected, individual by individual, between men and their social environment’ (Mary Richmond, 1922). 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 07 Method 1: Social Casework 8

1. iv. Social Casework - Concept and Definitions • ‘Social case work is a

1. iv. Social Casework - Concept and Definitions • ‘Social case work is a process used by certain human welfare agencies to help individuals to cope more effectively with their problems in social functioning (Perlman, 1957: 4). 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 07 Method 1: Social Casework 9

1. iv. Social Casework - Concept and Definitions • ‘An art in which knowledge

1. iv. Social Casework - Concept and Definitions • ‘An art in which knowledge of the science of human relations and skill in relationship are used to mobilise capacities in the individual and resources in the community appropriate for better adjustment between the client and all or any part of his total environment’ (Bowers OMI, 1949: 417). 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 08 Method 1: Social Casework 10

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work • (1) (2) (3) (4) The

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work • (1) (2) (3) (4) The knowledge content of casework may be broadly divided into four categories: philosophical assumptions principles theoretical formulations and Tools and techniques of practice (Grace Mathew, 1992: 7). 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 09 Method 1: Social Casework 11

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work 1. Psychological base 2. Physiological base

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work 1. Psychological base 2. Physiological base (medical & health information) 3. Sociological base 4. Economic base 5. Political base 6. Philosophical base 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 09 Method 1: Social Casework 12

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work Psychological base: knowledge of human behaviour

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work Psychological base: knowledge of human behaviour (1) Psychological factors of behaviour: • Sensation & Perception • Intelligence & Emotions • Interests & Personality 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 10 Method 1: Social Casework 13

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work 3) Theoretical bases of social case

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work 3) Theoretical bases of social case work • Psychoanalytic theory • Behavioural theory • Cognitive theory • Humanistic theory • Gestalt theory 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 11 Method 1: Social Casework 14

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work 2) Psychosocial bases • Attitude &

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work 2) Psychosocial bases • Attitude & prejudice, • Bias & stereotype, • Conflict, love & aggression 3) Theoretical base of social case work • Attitude & prejudice, • Bias & stereotype, • Conflict, love & aggression 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 11 Method 1: Social Casework 15

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (2) Physiological base • Growth and

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (2) Physiological base • Growth and development (pre natal / post natal) • Developmental stages and problems (children / adolescents / youth / women / old) • Illness and insurance 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 11 Method 1: Social Casework 16

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (2) Physiological base • Specially abled

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (2) Physiological base • Specially abled (Divyang) • Third gender (LGBT) • Community health and public health (communicable diseases: HIV AIDS, SARS, Ebola, Swine Flu, etc. ) • Injuries, accidents and Insurance 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 12 Method 1: Social Casework 17

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (3) Sociological base • Culture (beliefs,

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (3) Sociological base • Culture (beliefs, values, customs, folkways, language, mores, habits) • Social institutions (family, school, peer group, religion, political parties, state & govt. institutions) 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 12 Method 1: Social Casework 18

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (4) Economic base • Means of

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (4) Economic base • Means of production • Trade and commerce • Industrialization, multi-nationalism • LPG • Models: capitalism, socialism, mixed economy • Welfare economics (Amartya Sen) 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 13 Method 1: Social Casework 19

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (5) Political base • Governing systems

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (5) Political base • Governing systems (democracy / autocracy / dictator ship / theocracy) • Components of government (legislature, executive and judiciary) • Problems of Corruption • Accountability and Transparency (social audit and micro planning) 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 15 Method 1: Social Casework 20

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (6) Philosophical base • Values, ethics,

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (6) Philosophical base • Values, ethics, principles, world view & ideologies of people, communities & nations • Religion, Aesthetics • Logic and epistemology • Metaphysics and cosmology 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 16 Method 1: Social Casework 21

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (7) Social work knowledge • Relationship

1. iv. Knowledge base for Social Case Work (7) Social work knowledge • Relationship with other methods • Principles, process and components of social case work • Skills, tools, and techniques of social case work • Models, fields of practice (primary and secondary settings) 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 18 Method 1: Social Casework 22

1. v. Components of casework (Perlman model) a. Person- client, significant others and collaterals

1. v. Components of casework (Perlman model) a. Person- client, significant others and collaterals b. Problem- need, impaired social functioning c. Place- agency, objectives, functions, policies and resources. d. Process- casework intervention 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 23 Method 1: Social Casework 23

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 • The ‘person’ is a man, woman or child, anyone

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 • The ‘person’ is a man, woman or child, anyone who finds himself, or is found to be in need of help in some aspect of his social-emotional living, whether the need be for tangible provisions or counsel. • As he begins to receive such help, he is called a client. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 28 Method 1: Social Casework 24

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 The ‘problem’ arises from some need or obstacle or accumulation

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 The ‘problem’ arises from some need or obstacle or accumulation of frustrations or maladjustment, and sometimes all of these together, which threatens or has already attacked the adequacy of the person’s living situation or the effectiveness of his efforts to deal with it. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 29 Method 1: Social Casework 25

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 • The ‘place’ is a social service agency or a

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 • The ‘place’ is a social service agency or a social service department of another kind of human welfare agency. • It has a professional to assist the person with the problem 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 31 Method 1: Social Casework 26

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 • The ‘process’ is a progressive transaction between the professional

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 • The ‘process’ is a progressive transaction between the professional help (the caseworker) and the client. • It consists of a series of problem -solving operations carried on within a meaningful relationship. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 36 Method 1: Social Casework 27

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 • The end of this process is continued in its

Perlman, 1957: 4 -5 • The end of this process is continued in its means; to so influence the client person that he develops effectiveness in coping with this problem and / or to so influence the problem as to resolve it or vitiate its effects’ (Helen Harris Perlman, 1957: 4 -5). 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 39 Method 1: Social Casework 28

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • The person’s behaviour has this purpose

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • The person’s behaviour has this purpose and meaning: to gain satisfactions, to avoid or dissolve frustration, and to maintain his balance-in-movement. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 42 Method 1: Social Casework 29

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • Whether a person’s behaviour is or

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • Whether a person’s behaviour is or is not effective in promoting his well-being depends in large part upon the functioning of his personality structure. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 43 Method 1: Social Casework 30

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • The structure and functioning of personality

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • The structure and functioning of personality are the products of inherited and constitutional equipment in continuous interaction with the physical, psychological, and social environment the person experiences. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 44 Method 1: Social Casework 31

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • A person at any stage of

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • A person at any stage of his life not only is a product of nature and nurture but is also and always in process of being in the present and becoming in the future. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 47 Method 1: Social Casework 32

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • A person’s being and becoming behaviour

2. ii. a. Components of casework: Person • A person’s being and becoming behaviour is both shaped and judged by the expectations he and his culture have invested in the status and the major roles he carries. • The person who comes as client to a social agency is always under stress. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 47 Method 1: Social Casework 33

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • The problems within the purview of

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • The problems within the purview of social casework are those which vitally affect or are affected by a person’s social functioning. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 53 Method 1: Social Casework 34

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • The multifaceted and dynamic nature of

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • The multifaceted and dynamic nature of the client’s problem makes necessary the selection by case worker and client of some of it as the unit for work. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 55 Method 1: Social Casework 35

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • Problems in any part of a

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • Problems in any part of a human being’s living tend to have chain reactions. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 57 Method 1: Social Casework 36

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • Any problem which a person encounters

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • Any problem which a person encounters has both an objective and a subjective significance. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 58 Method 1: Social Casework 37

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • Not only do the external (objective)

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • Not only do the external (objective) and internal (subjective) aspects of the problem co-exist, but either one may be cause of the other. 22 -01 -2022 13: 17: 58 Method 1: Social Casework 38

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • Whatever the nature of the problem

2. ii. b. Components of casework: Problem • Whatever the nature of the problem the person brings to the social agency, it is always accompanied, and often complicated, by the problem of being a client. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 03 Method 1: Social Casework 39

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • The social agency is an organisation

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • The social agency is an organisation fashioned to express the will of a society or of some group in that society as to social welfare. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 06 Method 1: Social Casework 40

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • Each social agency develops a program

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • Each social agency develops a program by which to meet the particular areas of need with which it set out to deal. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 07 Method 1: Social Casework 41

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • The social agency has a structure

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • The social agency has a structure by which it organises and delegates its responsibilities and tasks and governing policies and procedures by which it stabilises and systematizes its operations. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 09 Method 1: Social Casework 42

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • The social agency is a living,

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • The social agency is a living, adaptable organism susceptible to being understood and changed, much as other living organisms. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 09 Method 1: Social Casework 43

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • Every staff member in an agency

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • Every staff member in an agency speaks and acts for some part of the agency’s function, and the caseworker represents the agency in its individualised problem-solving help. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 10 Method 1: Social Casework 44

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • The caseworker, while representing his agency,

2. ii. c. Components of casework: Place • The caseworker, while representing his agency, is first and foremost a representative of his profession 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 16 Method 1: Social Casework 45

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • fact finding (diagnosis): (1) The nature

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • fact finding (diagnosis): (1) The nature of the presenting problem (2) The significance of this problem (3) The causes, onset, and precipitants of the problem 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 21 Method 1: Social Casework 46

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • fact finding (diagnosis): (4) The efforts

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • fact finding (diagnosis): (4) The efforts made to cope with problem solving (5) The nature of the solutions or ends sought from the casework agency (6) The actual nature of this agency and its problem solving means in relation to the client and his problem 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 22 Method 1: Social Casework 47

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • Mental work of examining the parts

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • Mental work of examining the parts of a problem for the import of their particular nature and organisation, for the interrelationships among them, for the relation between them and the means to their solution is the diagnostic process. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 25 Method 1: Social Casework 48

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • The conclusion the process leads to

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • The conclusion the process leads to stating what the trouble seems to be, how it is related to the client’s goals, what means the agency, the caseworker and the client himself can bring to bear upon the trouble these conclusions are the diagnostic products. • Diagnosis, if it is to be anything more than an intellectual exercise, must result in a design for action. It is the reflective thinking which shapes the problem solving work 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 31 Method 1: Social Casework 49

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • ‘All competent problem solving, as contrasted

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • ‘All competent problem solving, as contrasted with trial and error method, contains three essential operations. • (i) The facts that constitute and bear upon the problem must be ascertained and grasped. Such facts may be of objective reality and of subjective reaction. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 32 Method 1: Social Casework 50

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • (ii) The facts must be thought

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • (ii) The facts must be thought about. The facts must be played upon and organised by ideas springing from knowledge and experience and subject to the governing aim of problem resolution. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 33 Method 1: Social Casework 51

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • (iii) Some choice or decision must

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • (iii) Some choice or decision must be made, that is, the end result of the consideration of the particular facts, and that affects or has the intent of resolving the problem. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 34 Method 1: Social Casework 52

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • Such a decision may take the

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • Such a decision may take the form of the selection of a course of overt action or more subtly of some change in the person’s responsive relationship to the problem. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 36 Method 1: Social Casework 53

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • Either conclusion must be tested for

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • Either conclusion must be tested for its validity by some action upon the problems by some different attack upon it or by some changed internal or overt behaviour in relation to it. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 37 Method 1: Social Casework 54

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • ‘Finally, for the solution of mitigation

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • ‘Finally, for the solution of mitigation of many problems, there must exist certain material means of accessible opportunities which are available to the needful and which he can be helped to use. 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 39 Method 1: Social Casework 55

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • Money, medical care, nursery schools, scholarships,

2. ii. d. Components of casework: Process • Money, medical care, nursery schools, scholarships, foster homes, recreation facilities – these are the kinds of resources that any person may need in order to resolve given problem in his daily living 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 39 Method 1: Social Casework 56

Recommended Readings: 1. Mathew Grace (1992) An Introduction to Social Case Work, Bombay: Tata

Recommended Readings: 1. Mathew Grace (1992) An Introduction to Social Case Work, Bombay: Tata Institute of Social Sciences 2. Perlman, Helen Harris (1957) Social Case Work – A Problem Solving Process, Chicago: University of Chicago Press (Indian reprint, 2011, Jaipur: Rawat Publications) 3. Nursten, Jean (1974) Process of Case Work, Pitman Publishing Corporation 3. Timms, Noel (1966) Social Case Work, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 5. Upadhyay, R. K. (2003) Social Case Work, Jaipur & New Delhi: Rawat Publications 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 40 Method 1: Social Casework 57

Recommended Readings: 6. Biestek FD (1967) The Casework Relationship, London: Unwin University Books 7.

Recommended Readings: 6. Biestek FD (1967) The Casework Relationship, London: Unwin University Books 7. Lawrence M Brammer (1985) The Helping Relationship: process and skills, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc (3 rd Ed. ) 8. Richmond, Mary (1970) Social Diagnosis, New York: Free Press 9. Gordon Hamilton (1951) Theory and Practice of Social Casework, 2 nd Rev. Ed. , New York: Columbia University Press 10. Prajakata Taksale, ‘Vyakti Sahay Karya’ 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 48 Method 1: Social Casework 58

Thank You 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 48 Method 1: Social Casework 59

Thank You 22 -01 -2022 13: 18: 48 Method 1: Social Casework 59