Ms Susan M Pojer Mrs Lisbeth Rath Horace
Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Mrs. Lisbeth Rath Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
The Rise of Modern Japan learned from China how not to respond to the West. Resisting at first, Japan reacted differently to contact. Japan emerged as a great military and imperial power. The U. S. Renews Contact Treaty of Kanagawa • 1603 -1867, Tokugawa regime ruled Japan; limited contact with outside • 1853, Perry appeared in Tokyo Bay with four warships; 1854, nine ships • American, European merchants wanted to trade with Japan • Threat of U. S. Navy convinced Japan to sign Treaty of Kanagawa • U. S. president Millard Fillmore sent Matthew Perry on mission to Japan • Allowed American ships to stop at two Japanese ports; 1858 treaty opened 5 more ports Humiliating treaties contributed to the rise of Japanese nationalism.
Japan Changes Direction During the Meiji Era: 1868 - 1912 Commodore Matthew Perry
1853 – Commodore Matthew Perry “Opens Up” Japan to Western Trade!
What Did the U. S. Want? ? v Coaling stations. v More trading partners. v A haven for ship-wrecked sailors.
Perry’s “Black Ships”
The Treaty of Kanagawa - 1854
Japan Learns a Lesson! In 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai… The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.
China’s “Unequal Treaties” v After the Opium War of 1839 -1842, Japan was convinced that it had to. Open Up to the West.
The Meiji Restoration Shogun • Throughout Tokugawa period, emperor had been little more than symbolic • Shogun, supreme military ruler, real power in Tokugawa Japan • Many resented way shogun had given in to Western demands Meiji Restoration • Forced shogun to step down; ended military control of Japanese government • 1868, Emperor Mutsuhito took back power of government • Took name Emperor Meiji; return to power called Meiji Restoration Preserving Strength • Meiji emperor learned about risk of resisting Western demands • China had been unsuccessful keeping sovereignty • Meiji emperor believed way to preserve, build strength, to modernize, reform
Meiji Restoration: Lead-up • Choshu incident 1863 – Choshu tries to sink Western ships – Choshu marches against Kyoto to capture Emperor but fails • Tokugawa fails to punish Choshu
Meiji Restoration: Lead-up Review: • 1864: Ships from England, France, Holland the US all attack the Choshu – Choshu leaders recognize futility of resistance – for now – Map out new response including modernization/Westernization Young Choshu leaders visit London 1860 s
The Shi-shi (“Men of High Purpose”) v Highly idealistic samurai who felt that the arrival of Westerners was an attack on the traditional values of Japan. v They believed that: § Japan was sacred ground. § The emperor, now a figurehead in Kyoto, was a God. v Were furious at the Shogun for signing treaties with the West without the Emperor’s consent. v Their slogan Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians!
Meiji Restoration 1868 Choshu and Satsuma draw up alliance Plot revolution Satsuma/Choshu Plotters • Young Samurai decide to reform Japan • March on Kyoto and seize new young Emperor Meiji • Declare Restoration of the Emperor to his rightful place – Liberate the Emperor from Tokugawa’s rule – Emperor to rule directly
The Meiji Revolt - 1868 v A powerful group ofsamurai overthrow the Shogun. v Sakamoto Ryoma, the hero. v He helped Japan emerge from feudalism into a unified modern state.
Meiji Restoration • Tokugawa Shogunate counter attacks • Satsuma/Choshu alliance wins • Meiji Emperor assumes leadership with Satsuma and Choshu based committee of advisors – New Government made up of young Samurai with a smattering of nobles
Meiji Restoration Why Satsuma and Choshu? • Two richest Han Choshu Satsuma • Choshu: 100 + years of illegal, secret investment in commercial enterprises • They were secretly running a merchant trade • Satsuma: Profitable sugar monopoly • Both: Secretly and illegally traded with Western nations for technology and military equipment
Meiji Leadership • Collective leadership with the Emperor • 20 -30 young leaders – Mostly samurai – Mostly from Satsuma or Choshu – Includes some reformers among the royal court • Known as the Meiji Oligarchy
The Shogunate Is Overthrown! v The last Shogun. v Tokugawa Yoshinobu.
The Emperor Is “Restored” to Power MEIJI “Enlightened Rule”
Meiji Oligarchy: Ruling Platform To survive Japan must modernize… Become a Rich nation with a Strong Army: Fukoku Kyohei • Japan must learn from the West • Japan must Adapt to a Western-dominated world • • By learning and adapting, Japan can become modern By becoming modern they can become rich By becoming rich they can build a strong army With a strong army they can become truly independent Fukoku Kyohei!
Meiji Oligarchy Ruling Platform Iwakura Mission • • • Japan sends diplomatic mission to Western nations San Francisco across the US London Continental Europe Goals: Build relationships: earn Western respect Gain knowledge: patterns of business, science, and government
Meiji Restoration: Rapid Westernization / modernization Japan launches wholesale Westernization drive Wholesale rejection of all things Japanese Even Japanese art takes on a strictly modern tone
Newspaper Cartoon, 1870 s? Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened
Modernization by “Selective Borrowing” v Popular board game. v Start by leaving Japan & studying in various Western capitals. v End by returning to Japan and becoming a prominent government official.
European Goods v Europe began to “loom large” in the thinking of many Japanese. v New slogan: Japanese Spirit; Western Technology!
The Japanese Became Obsessed with Western Styles Civilization and Enlightenment!
Everything Western Was Fashionable!
Everything Western Was Fashionable! Japanese soldiers with their wives.
The Rulers Set the Tone with Western Dress Emperor Meiji 1912) Empress Haruko (1868 -
Changing Women’s Fashions 1900 Styles The First “Miss Japan” (1908)
Abolition of the feudal system Modern Banking System Written Constitution (Germans) Land Redistribution Meiji Reforms Westernize the School System (Fr. & Ger. ) Modernize the Army (Prussian) Build a Modern Navy (British) Human Rights & Religious Freedom Emperor Worship Intensified
Meiji Restoration: Rapid Westernization / modernization Abolish Caste Structure • Strip Daimyo of Han and special privilege • Compensate Daimyo for lost land with cash Abolish Samurai class and privileges • Adopt conscript army of commoners • Forbid wearing of swords • Assign many former samurai as
Satsuma Rebellion – 1877: Reaction to too much Saigō Takamori: modernization a Meiji Oligarch • Saw too much change • Feared Japan was losing its soul • Angered by Korea’s refusal (1873) to recognize Emperor (they called him a king) • Wanted war with Korea – (got unequal treaty with Korea, 1874) • Oligarchy saw war with Korea as a distraction – would not attack • Saigo stormed out
Satsuma Rebellion: 1877 • Saigo leads failed attack against the too-modern Meiji government • Tries to reinstitute special role of Samurai • Failed last throe of traditional Japan Basis for “The Last Samurai” movie with Tom Cruise
Meiji Program Iwakura Mission departs from Japan, 1871 • Following the Iwakura Mission – Japanese Business largely borrows American and British models – Japanese Government patterns itself after Germany • Sovereign monarch (Germany’s Kaiser) • Weak legislative branch (Germany’s Diet) • Constitution as a gift from the Emperor • Powerful, professional, prestigious bureaucracy
Meiji’s Economic Plan Government supported rapid development • Market-based economy • Former Daimyo stripped of land but paid compensation – Daimyo fortunes become source of Capital for new manufacturing firms – Merchant fortunes also fund new manufacturing • Government plays strong role in directing investment
Meiji Reforms Many Changes • Reforms of Meiji era farreaching • Group of Japanese officials took two-year journey, Iwakura Mission • Traveled to U. S. , Europe to learn about Western society, military practices, economics • Officials tried to determine which aspects of Western life would help Japan modernize Modern Economy • Required all children to attend school • Military officials adapted practices of U. S. , European forces to strengthen military • Emperor supported rapid industrialization • Government financed construction of infrastructure for modern economy—built telegraph lines, set up postal service, established rail system • By 1890 s, economy booming
A Constitutional Government Copied from the Germans Satsuma & Choshu Families The Emperor of Japan The Diet (Legislative Body) House of Representatives House of Peers 1889 Constitution of Japan
Bureaucracy in Japan • Difficult Civil Service Exam • Political appointments minimal • Elite educational requirements – Tokyo National University, Dept. of Law • Extraordinary policy-making authority – Patterned after Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany – Similar to France – elite education
Expansionism & the Rise of Military Power New players on the block?
Sino-Japanese War: 1894 -1895 The Meiji Emperor was in Hiroshima during the Sino-Japanese War
Soldiers on the Battlefield During the Sino-Japanese War The Treaty of Shimonoseki ended the war.
Today—Tensions Between China & Japan v Offshore gas field in the East China Sea reveals recently strained relations between China & Japan. v Tension over disputed gas field on the rise, exacerbating mutual mistrust dating back to the Sino-Japanese War. EEZ -Exclusive Economic Zone.
The Russo-Japanese War: 1904 -1905 The Battle of Tsushima: The results startled the world!
President Teddy Roosevelt Mediates the Peace The Treaty of Portsmouth, NH ended the Russo-Japanese War.
Japan Annexes Korea
Japan Is a Player in China
Competition from Another “Pacific” Power Is on the Horizon
The U. S. “Great White Fleet”
But, Japanese Power Would Grow. . .
- Slides: 51