Mr Porter APUSH POWERPOINT CHAPTERS 20 22 THE

Mr. Porter APUSH POWERPOINT CHAPTERS 20 -22 THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

KEYS TO THE UNIT • Ft. Sumter and the start of the war • Border States • Foreign Nation Issues • Draft Issues • Greenbacks and Monetary Issues • The Battles • Reconstruction

Ft. Sumter and the Start of the War • Lincoln inauguration March 4 th, 1861: insists that there cannot be two nations • Ft. Sumter is important is running out of supplies. • Lincoln informs south he is sending supplies but no military items • South attacks anyway on April 12 th, no one dies except a horse

• The North’s reaction to the fall of Fort – Rallied North against the South – Lincoln called for 75, 000 troops & gets them – Lincoln orders blockade of Southern ports • The South responds to the call for troops – See this as an aggressive attack on South – 4 more states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina) join original 7 in Confederacy • Richmond, Virginia became capital

Seceding States

Border States are the Key Lincoln must keep four key border states: 1. Missouri 2. Kentucky 3. Maryland 4. Delaware * Later W. Virginia will split away from Virginia and join the Union.

• Dealing with the Border States – Lincoln declared martial law in Maryland sent in federal troops – Ex Parte Milligan ruling (civilian courts required) will go against Lincoln but to late to matter – Lincoln declared North was fighting to keep Union together, not against slavery

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES • South only had to fight defensively and had higher moral and enthusiasm for war • South has greater/better generals • North has greater economy • North has more people • North has greater industrialized power • North controls the seas and coast line

Population and Economic Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

Foreign National Issues • South wanted help from Britain or France – Elites in Britain and France were openly supportive of South – Working classes in Britain and France strongly favored North • Wanted abolition; believed that if North won, slavery would be abolished

• Britain depended on South for 75% of their cotton; but doesn’t need all their cotton: – Large shipments in 1857 – 1860 gave Britain surpluses that lasted first 1 1/2 years of war – India became a larger provider of cotton in 1857 – By time surpluses ran out, Lincoln had announced emancipation, putting English working class firmly behind North • North sent wheat and corn to England – North had plentiful harvests; Britain had series of bad harvests and If England broke Northern blockade, US would cut off shipments of corn and wheat

• Late 1861 – the Trent affair – Union ship stopped a British ship and arrested 2 Confederate diplomats going to Europe – Angry British prepared for war but slow communications allowed passions to cool down – Lincoln released the 2 prisoners (“One war at a time”) • British-built Confederate commerce raiders – British laws allowed the ships to be built in England, sail away unarmed, and then pick up guns later – Alabama was most famous; captured over 60 US merchant marine ships before being sunk in 1864 – Over 250 US ships captured by raiders

• Mexico – 1863 – Napoleon III (France) occupied Mexico and put Maximilian into power • Flagrant violation of Monroe Doctrine – Napoleon had hoped that US would lose war and be unable to stop France – 1865 – US threatened war against France if French did not withdraw – Napoleon withdrew French Army; Maximilian overthrown and killed

President Davis Versus Lincoln • Davis as a leader – Stubborn leader who sometimes defied public – Micromanaging every detail of war – Had to deal with STATE RIGHTS CONFEDERATES who often refused to help confederacy outside of their own states

• Lincoln as leader had problems, but less serious than Davis – – – North had recognized and legitimate government Lincoln was quiet and patient, yet firm Demonstrated charity to South and forgiveness to attacks from opponents in the North • Lincoln went around some provisions of Constitution to keep the United States united – Congress generally confirmed Lincoln’s actions – Lincoln’s increases in authority were only to continue as long as war continued

THE DRAFT ISSUES • Northern army at first was volunteer – States had quota based on population • 1863 – Congress passed first national conscription (draft) law – Unfair to poor; rich could pay $300 for exemption • 1863 – draft riot in New York City – Poor and anti-black (Irish) rioted against the draft and killed black citizens

• 90% of Union soldiers were volunteers – Toward end of war, bounties (up to $1, 000) paid to volunteers • “bounty jumpers” would enlist, get the bounty, desert, and then re-enlist • About 200, 000 deserted from Union army (not only bounty jumpers)

• South at first also relied on volunteers – Had to resort to draft 1 year earlier than Union (April 1862) – Willing to take almost anyone, including young and old (17 – 50) • Confederate draft very unjust – Rich could hire a substitute or purchase an exemption – Slave owners or overseers with 20 or more slaves could claim exemption – Many poor, Southerners felt they were fighting so rich could keep slaves • “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight”

The Economic Issues • Taxation – Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol – Income tax levied for first time by Congress • Tariffs – 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act passed - Raised tariffs 5% to 10%, to gain revenue – Tariffs continued to go up as war costs increased & Republican Party becomes recognized as party of big business

• Paper money – Greenbacks printed ($450 million) – Not backed by gold so no constant value – lead to large inflation issues Borrowing – $2. 6 billion raised (net) through sale of bonds – Treasury sold bonds through private banking house of Jay Cooke and Company

• National Banking System Passed in 1863 – Purpose to stimulate sale of government bonds and establish standard bank-note currency • (to replace different worthless notes issued by different banks) – Banks would purchase government bonds and then issue money backed by the bonds – A 10% tax was placed on notes issued by state banks to tax them out of existence – First unified banking network since Jackson killed the Bank of the US in 1836 – Lasted until 1913 when FED established

• SOUTH HAS HUGE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS $400 million in Confederate bonds sold • States’ righters opposed direct taxation – Only 1% of CSA’s revenue came from taxes • Confederate paper dollar – Printed without backing – Runaway inflation (9, 000%) over course of war; Confederate dollar worth only 1. 6 cents when war ended

• NORTH EXITS WAR RICHER THAN IT STARTED • New Factories and technology improvements 1859 – oil discovered in Pennsylvania • 300, 000 pioneers continued to move West – Free land under Homestead Act of 1862 and desire to avoid draft led many to go West • Only major industry to be hurt during war was ocean trade – Because of Alabama and other Confederate raiders

• Opportunities for women during the war – Women moved into industrial jobs to make war supplies (especially sewing uniforms and shoes) – Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1 st female doctor) • Trained nurses, collected medical supplies for hospitals – Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix trained nurses – Sally Tompkins (in South) ran infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers

THE BATTLES OF THE WAR • North (and South) expected a quick war – Thus Lincoln only called for 90 day volunteers • Summer 1861 – Union soldiers at Washington move to attack smaller Confederate army at Bull Run (Manassas Junction), 30 miles south in Virginia July 1861 – If Union successful strength would be demonstrated and Union could move to Richmond

• Effects of Bull Run – South’s victory increased overconfidence • Soldiers believed war was over • Enlistment rates decreased; preparations for longterm war slowed • Andrew Stonewall Jackson earns his nickname – North’s defeat was better (long-term) for the Union • Ended belief that war would be over quickly • Caused Northerners to prepare for long war • Congressman embarrassed by retreat

• Late 1861 – Gen. George B. Mc. Clellan given command of Army of the Potomac (main army) – Excellent organizer and drillmaster – Extremely cautious • Lincoln would grow impatient with his refusal to ever attack • June 26 – July 2, 1862 – Seven Days’ Battles – General Lee counterattacked Mc. Clellan, driving Union back to sea • Lincoln relieved Mc. Clellan of command – Campaign was not total failure, since South had lost 20, 000 men, to Union’s 10, 000

• Union turned to 6 -part strategy of total war – Suffocate South by blockading its ports – Free the slaves to undermine economy – Cut Confederacy in 1/2 by control of M. River – Cut Confederacy into small pieces – Take Confederate capital at Richmond – Engage the enemy everywhere

• Merrimack vs. the Monitor – 1862 – South rebuilt old US warship (the Merrimack); used old iron rails to plate its sides; ship renamed the Virginia – March 9, 1862 – Monitor (a small Union iron ship) fought Merrimack to standstill – Confederates destroyed Merrimack to keep it from being captured by Union

• August 29/30, 1862 – Second Battle of Bull Run – Lee attacks and defeats boastful Gen. Pope -Over confidence by Lee would have him march North to Maryland the battle of Antietam in hopes of forcing a peaceful resolution with North, securing foreign assistance, and having those in Maryland rise up and join him but plan will fail

Antietam • September 17, 1862 – Antietam Creek, MD. – Northern soldiers found a copy of Lee’s battle plans wrapped around 3 cigars dropped by mistake – Mc. Clellan stopped Lee’s advance on the bloodiest day of the war (3, 600 dead on both sides, over 20, 000 wounded) – Mc. Clellan relieved of command for not pursuing Lee’s retreating army

Dead Soldiers after Antietam

• Importance of Antietam – Most decisive battle of Civil War; South had come very close to victory but loss proves costly • British and French governments remain neutral – Lincoln finally ready to issue emancipation proclamation after a victory Said that on Jan. 1, 1863 would issue final proclamation – Did not actually free any slaves • Declared “forever free” slaves in Confederate states not conquered by Union • Did not affect slaves in Border States or areas of South the Union had conquered • Feared emancipation would cause disunion in Union-controlled areas if carried out fully

• Effect of Emancipation Proclamation – Moral cause of the North strengthened • South’s moral position weakened – Showed that slavery was over in all of South when North won the war – Changed nature of the war because there was no chance of negotiation to end the war • Southern reaction to the Proclamation – Lincoln trying to cause slave insurrection

• Northern reaction to the Proclamation – Moderate abolitionists praised Lincoln – Radicals believed he did not go far enough – Many Northerners believed he had gone to far – Fall 1862 elections went against Republicans (although they kept control of Congress) – Desertions in Union army increased; soldiers (especially from Border States) fought to preserve the Union, not free slaves

• Union took blacks in Army as white numbers ran low but originally had not let them fight – Whites in North and South protest black service but 180, 000 blacks did serve – Allowed blacks to fight for slaves’ freedom and strengthen their claim to full citizenship at end of war • Black resistance in the South – Fear of rebellion forced many white “home guards” to stay in South

• General Burnside replaced Mc. Clellan after • Antietam December 13, 1862 – Fredericksburg, Va. – Burnside launched frontal assault on Lee’s entrenched position and 10, 000 Union casualties lead Lincoln to relieve Burnside with “Fighting Joe” Hooker • May 2 – 4, 1863 – Chancellorsville, Va. – Union army defeated – Costly for Lee because Jackson mistakenly killed by his own men that evening – Hooker relieved of command; General George G. Meade put in command of Union Army

The Road to Gettysburg, December 1862–July 1863 and Lee’s Last Hope for end to war

• July 1 – 3, 1863 – Gettysburg – Battle went back and forth over 3 days – Gen. George Pickett’s charge against Union lines driven back, breaking Confederate advance, forcing Lee to retreat • Importance of Gettysburg – Confederate peace delegation (moving toward Washington from south, while it was hoped victorious Confederate Army advanced on Washington from north) rejected by Lincoln – Final chance for Southern victory; South fought lost cause for 2 more years

• November 19, 1863 – Gettysburg Address – 2 -minute address (following 2 hour address by a former president of Harvard -Evert) – Not appreciated at the time; now seen as one of the greatest speeches in US history – Purpose that day was to create a national park/burial ground for all the dead still there – FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO……

Victories in West brings Grant to Lincoln • Grant’s background – Mediocre student at West Point – Had fought in Mexican War – Stationed in isolated western posts • Boredom and loneliness drove Grant to drinking – Grant still drank, but Lincoln refused to punish him because of his successes

• April 6 – 7, 1862 – Shiloh – Grant attempted to capture Corinth, Mississippi – Confederate force stopped Grant at Shiloh, just across Tennessee border from Corinth – Showed that war in West would not be won quickly or easily – Lincoln refused to remove Grant after loss • “I can’t spare this man; he fights. ” • July 4, 1863 – Vicksburg (Mississippi) – General Grant laid siege to city for several months, starving out the city – Confederates inside ate rats and mules to survive – Vicksburg surrendered to Grant day after Confederate defeat at Gettysburg

The Mississippi River and Tennessee 1862 -63

General William Tecumseh Sherman • Conquest of Georgia – September 1864 – Atlanta captured – November 1864 – Atlanta burned -Nov. – Dec. 1864 – March to the sea – 60 K Union soldiers lived off the land – Union burned buildings, railroads and destroyed all – “War…is all hell” (Sherman) • Purpose was to destroy supplies and morale of South

Sherman's March 1864 -65

• Dec. 1864 – April 65 – Sherman turns north to South Carolina and North Carolina – South Carolina blamed for provoking war (first state to secede) – Destruction in South Carolina even worse than in Georgia – “Forty Acres and a Mule” order was not approved by Lincoln and would be rescinded after the war

The Politics of War • Republicans in North divided before election of 1864 and Lincoln faces challenges – Radicals, including Secy. of Treasury Salmon Chase Questioned Lincoln’s abilities as commander-in-chief and commitment to abolition • Democrats in North even more dangerous than Republicans but were very divided

• “War Democrats” – Supported Lincoln and the war • “Peace Democrats” – Did not support the war • Copperheads – Named for poisonous snake – Radicals who opposed the war and openly sympathized with the South – Attacked the draft, Lincoln, and emancipation – Strong in Southern Ohio, Illinois, Indiana

The Election of 1864 • Lincoln depended on his defeating the Peace Democrats and Copperheads – Republicans joined with War Democrats to form the Union Party (in existence for only that election) to gain more votes and support – Republican Party not on ballot in South

The Election of 1864 • Vice-presidential nominee Andrew Johnson – War Democrat from Tennessee and small slave owner – On ticket to gain Democratic votes from War Democrats and Border States • Democrats nominate Gen. George Mc. Clellan

• Late 1863 – Grant takes command – Meade removed for not pursuing Lee – Grant’s strategy was to attack on all fronts • Led to bloody and brutal warfare, but ended war – Northern public opinion turned against Grant after bloody losses in 1864 but Lee actually to blame for much of it. • Lee’s loss rate double that of Grant’s

• April, 1865 – North captured Richmond and on the 9 th Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House in Virginia – Lincoln traveled to Richmond right after surrender • Recognized by freed slaves as their emancipator • Some small battles continue until word is spread

• Good Friday, April 14, 1865 Lincoln’s assassination – 5 days after Lee’s surrender – John Wilkes Booth, a pro-Southern actor – Lincoln died the next morning – Seward also attacked but survives – Johnson a target but he avoids attack • Impact of Lincoln’s death – Lincoln’s faults minimized; he became hero – His death was a disaster for much of the South • He was moderate and reasonable, & would have led Reconstruction better than Johnson could

The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

The Escape of John Wilkes Booth

The Results of the War • Federal Government begins to grow in size at expense of State power Casualties of war – 600 K men died and 400 K were wounded – More Americans killed than any other war America will be involved in. Monetary cost – $15 billion in direct costs – More money needed for continuing expenses (pensions, interest on national debt)

Civil War Deaths Compared to U. S. Deaths in Other Wars

4 Questions of Reconstruction (1865 -1877) • How would the South be rebuilt? • How would liberated blacks fare as free men and women? • How would the Southern states be reintegrated into the Union? • Who would direct the process of Reconstruction – the Southern states, the president, or Congress?

• Southerners after the war – Planter aristocracy humbled temporarily • Gutted and burned mansions, lost investments, worthless land • Slaves (primary wealth) were gone – Remained defiant and angry • Viewed D. C. as separate government • Believed secession was right • Planters resisted end to slavery until state legislatures or Supreme Court declared emancipation was the law

• Black churches become important – Provide aid and assistance to blacks in need • Blacks had always been denied education – Freedmen raised money to buy land, build schoolhouses, and hire teachers • Demand too great for supply so Northern volunteers and federal government provide education

• Freedmen’s Bureau created by Congress in March, 1865 – Purpose to provide food, clothing, medical care, education to freedmen and whites – Headed by Gen. Oliver O. Howard • Later founded black Howard University even though he was white • Successes and failures {ended in 1872} – Taught 200, 000 blacks to read – Failed to deliver promised 40 acres to blacks – Conspired with planters to get blacks to sign work contracts

Andrew Johnson as President • Johnson’s background – Born poor and never attended school – – Taught himself to read and do simple math Active in politics in Tennessee Refused to secede with Tennessee Appointed governor of Tennessee when the state was “redeemed” by Northern army – 1864 – Johnson ran with Lincoln as vice president to gain support from War Democrats

Presidential Reconstruction • Lincoln’s 10 percent plan (1863) – Believed South never legally left the Union – A state could be reintegrated into Union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 took an oath of allegiance to US • Then formal state government would be established • Then president would recognize the new government – Congress, especially as it gains more radical republicans , will be against this.

• Congress’s reaction to the 10 percent plan – Republicans feared restoration of planter aristocracy – 1864 – Wade-Davis Bill passed • 50% of a state’s voters had to take oath of allegiance for states to be readmitted to Union • Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln – Angry Republicans refused to seat Louisiana delegation to Congress (that had reorganized its government, following Lincoln’s plan)

• Differences between president & Congress: – Congress says the seceding states had left the Union and had given up all rights as states • Could only be readmitted as “conquered provinces” under conditions outlined by Congress - President believed that none of the rebelling states had never left the Union officially and thus could be easily restored to their former positions REPUBLICANS WANT TO INSURE THEIR CONTINUED POWER IN CONGRESS AND THUS MUST LIMIT RETURN OF SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS AND INSURE THAT BLACKS CAN VOTE SINCE THEY WILL VOTE REPUBLICAN

– May 29, 1865 – Johnson issued his own plan • Disenfranchised leading Confederates and those with over $20, 000 in taxable property (although they could petition to him for pardons) • Special state conventions would repeal ordinances of secession, repudiate Confederate debts, and ratify 13 th amendment • Late 1865 – Confederate states moved to carry out Johnson’s plan – Johnson enjoyed having planters begging for pardons but Republicans angered over lack of fundamental change in new states

• Black codes passed by new state governments in South as they are brought into Union under Johnson’s plan – Designed to regulate lives of freed blacks – Blacks forbidden to serve on juries – Prohibited blacks from renting or leasing land – “idle” blacks can be forced to serve on chain gang – No blacks were allowed to vote

• Sharecropping – Poor, uneducated blacks (and some whites) with no capital, became sharecroppers – Rented land from owners, borrowed money for seed and tools, and paid off rent and loans at harvest time – Few sharecroppers ever got out of debt or paid off rent, leading to cycle of debt and poverty

Sharecroppers

• December 1865 – Congressional delegations from newly formed Southern states came to Washington, DC – Many former Confederate leaders – South had voted for their experienced political leaders, who also had led South during rebellion • Republican reaction to South’s congressional delegation – Angry that ex-Confederates to be back in office – Don’t want Southern Democrats back into US too quickly since they would challenge balance of power

Clash between Congress and Johnson inevitable • February 1866 – Johnson vetoed extension of Freedman’s Bureau (later passed over his veto) • March 1866 – Congress passed Civil Rights Bill – Gave blacks citizenship and attacked black codes – Johnson vetoed the bill, but Congress again passed it over his veto

Johnson Vetoing the Freedman's Bureau, Kicking a Dresser Full of African Americans Down the Steps

• 14 th Amendment – Passed to write principles of Civil Rights bill into Constitution – Gave civil rights (including citizenship) to blacks – Reduced representation of a state in Congress and Electoral College if it denied vote to blacks – Former Confederate officers and leaders disqualified from federal and state offices – Guaranteed the federal debt & repudiated Confederate debts – Radicals refused to allow former Confederate states back into Union without ratifying the amendment; all but Tennessee refused to do so

Elections of 1866 • Johnson campaigned in support of his “easy” re-admission strategy but he losses and is ridiculed • Republicans now have veto-proof Congress and control of Reconstruction policy – Radicals and moderate Republicans disagree on how to carry out Reconstruction

• Radical Republicans – Led in Senate by Charles Sumner – Thaddeus Stevens led Radicals in House – Wanted to change South (economically and socially) using federal power • Tried to keep South out of Union as long as possible to allow Republicans to change South • Moderate Republicans – More sympathetic to views of states’ rights – Wanted to restrain states from abridging citizens’ rights but avoid federal government in people’s lives

The Anti. Freedmen Riot in New Orleans, 1866 showed need for military occupation

Reconstruction by Sword not the vote • March 2, 1867 – Reconstruction Act – Divided South into 5 military districts – Each district under command of a general – 20 K troops sent to enforce federal power – Temporarily disenfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates – ACT PUSHED BY THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS

• Congress’s conditions for readmission – States required to ratify 14 th Amendment – State constitutions had to guarantee full voting rights for black males – Influenced by moderates, did not give freedmen land or education 15 th Amendment – Passed because Radicals feared Southern constitutions could be amended after readmittance to take vote away from blacks – Passed by Congress in 1869; ratified in 1870

• By 1870 – all states had been readmitted into • • Union with full rights Federal troops removed when Republican governments (in South) seemed firmly in power But when troops left South returned to white Democratic governments Blacks would be denied right to vote 1877 – all federal troops left South as part of “deal” – “solid” Democratic South would remain until 1960 s

Reconstruction Amendments

• The complex story of blacks gaining right to vote – Lincoln and Johnson had proposed to give blacks right to vote gradually • 14 th Amendment (most important Reconstruction Amendment) saw blacks as citizens but not voters (like women) – 1867 – Republicans decided that blacks had to be given right to vote • Most Northern had outlawed black voting th before 15 th Amendment also; South says North hypocritical forcing black vote

• Whites angered by former slaves’ new political power; attacked blacks’ and their white allies – “scalawags” – Southerners (former Unionists or Whigs) who supported the North over South – “carpetbaggers” – Northerners who brought everything they owned in carpet bags to come South for money and power • Some Southern whites used violence to oppose Reconstruction – Most well-known organization was the Ku Klux Klan, organized in Tennessee in 1866

A Warning to Carpetbaggers

• Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 – Passed by Congress to use federal troops to put down Klan • Until 1960 s, South openly ignored 14 th and 15 th Amendments – Literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses used to keep blacks from voting – Civil Rights movement would finally bring reforms to education, voting and equality

• Why more Reconstruction was not done – Racism – American beliefs against government interference with property rights – Principle of local self-government – Indifference in North to blacks’ situation • Moderate Republicans underestimate effort necessary to make slaves equal in South – If radical program had been passed, situation for blacks might have been different

Blacks Unwanted in North and South

• Tenure of Office Act (1867) – Passed over Johnson’s veto – Required president get approval of Senate before removing appointees that had required approval of Senate • Contrary to precedent since Washington – Purpose was to keep Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in office • Appointed by Lincoln; secretly worked with Radicals

• Early 1868 – Johnson removed Stanton from office – House voted 126 to 47 to impeach Johnson • Senate tried Johnson for his crimes – Defense argued that Act was unconstitutional (Supreme Court agreed, 58 years later) • May 16, 1868 – Johnson not removed by 1 vote {needed 2/3 rds to convict} – 7 Republican Senators voted against impeachment

Johnson’s Trial in the Senate was hottest ticket in town

• Why impeachment failed: – Fear of creating destabilizing precedent – Ben Wade, radical Republican, president pro temp of the Senate would become president • Vice presidency was vacant – procedure had not been set up yet to choose new vice president when office empty • Wade was unpopular with moderate Republicans and business community – Johnson (through attorney) told Republicans he would stop obstructing their agenda if allowed to remain in office

The Purchase of Alaska in 1867 • Russians want to sell Alaska – Fur production had been greatly reduced – Wanted to sell to US to strengthen US against Russia’s rival, Britain • 1867 – US buys Alaska for $7. 2 million – Negotiated by Secretary of State William Seward – Called “Seward’s Folly” by shortsighted critics at time – Seward and others thought there would be natural resources (oil, etc. ) and were right

Alaska and the Lower Forty-eight States (a size comparison)