MOUNTAIN TOP UNIVERSITY GST 105 USE OF LIBRARY

MOUNTAIN TOP UNIVERSITY GST 105: USE OF LIBRARY, STUDY SKILL AND INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY LECTURER: AKINADE, Helen O. J. (Ph. D, CLN, FICA) USE OF LIBRARY, STUDY SKILL AND INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY by AKINADE, Helen O. J. (Ph. D, CLN, FICA) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4. 0 International License.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY v. To acquaint the students with the significance of the library in the educational development of a man v. To enable students to know how to find essential information that would enhance their academic performance v. To identify various information resources and their usage

TABLE OF CONTENT Lecture one: Introduction to the study Lecture two: Historical Perspective of the library Lecture three: Types of libraries Lecture four: Organization of the library. Lecture five: Acquisitions and Materials’ Processing Lecture six: Other facilities and services in the library Lecture seven: Information Technologies in the library

LECTURE ONE: INTRODUCTION • Information plays important role in human development. It is one of the vital resources that man needs to keep abreast of the development in the society and so it is an essential commodity that man needs either to satisfy a need, to resolve a pulse or to solve a problem. • Finding the right information to meet today’s information request is one of the challenges of information managers. This is because there are numerous sources through which information is presented to the members of the society. • The library is a place that has been established and entrusted to provide essential information facilities that would enhance academic prowess of the members of the academic community. It is the nucleus of the university as it houses various resources in prints and non-prints that members which comprised both students and staff need to make significant academic advancement.

LECTURE ONE: INTRODUCTION (Contd…) • Presently, the Library has become an important force to recon with. Sobalaje and Ogunmodede (2015) identified the main purpose of the Library as a centre of information where people obtain information to reduce their ignorance. • Furthermore, within the academic setting, the library holds such a prominent position that approval for any University Programme is subject to a well stocked Library. • In addition, the access to information through library services would enable individual or a group of people to contribute meaningfully to the national development.

LECTURE ONE: INTRODUCTION (Contd…) • The library often acquires different types of information resources. Some of these are called primary sources while others are classified as secondary information sources. Primary sources include diaries, letters, autobiographies, research articles, interviews, blog posts, e-mail messages, etc. Secondary sources may include textbooks, book reviews, biographies, etc. • There also print and non-print resources. Print resources include books, journals, newspapers, news magazine, pamphlets, etc while nonprint resources are the electronic means such as the internet, telephone, fax, as well as social media materials such as facebook, twitter, radio, television, etc. , which allow the transmission of information within a large network of electronic arena.

LECTURE ONE: INTRODUCTION (Contd…) • The emergence of information technology at the dawn of the 21 st century has dissolved any barrier to information access, and this on its own is a great threat to the existence of the library, owing to the fact that many people prefer to access information at the comfort of their homes/offices rather than visiting the library to obtain information. • Access to the library within an academic environment are no longer limited to the library opening hours, while users can also access other libraries beyond their own immediate environment at the touch of a button.

LECTURE TWO: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE LIBRARY v It is important for students to know how the library metamorphosed into its present state. The development of libraries has been linked to the early civilization of countries such as Egypt, Greece, Rome and others. v Archaeological evidences revealed the place of Hieroglyphics and Cuneiform writings in the formation of literature. v Emergence of other libraries such as Medieval Libraries, Bibliotheque Nationale, National Libraries, The Library of Congress, Public Libraies, Special Libraries, University Libraries, etc

LECTURE TWO: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE LIBRARY (Contd…) Examples of Egyptian’s Heiroglypic writing for literature around 3200 B. C. Source: https: //www. pinterest. com/pin/373095150352166312/

LECTURE TWO: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE LIBRARY (Contd…) Examples of Cuneiform of writing Source: http: //www. assignmentpoint. com/arts/social-science/discuss-on-cuneiform-writing-system. html

LECTURE THREE: TYPES OF LIBRARIES v To a layman, the library is just a building where books authored by different people are stored. The library as defined by Oxford Dictionary of English is defined as ‘a building or room containing collections of books, periodicals and sometimes films and recorded music for use or borrowing by members of the public or the members of an institution. v Libraries do not exist for fancy, they are established to meet a need and to serve a specific population. It could be an individual (Private), a nation (National), a community (Public), a University (Academic), a professional group (Special), etc.

LECTURE THREE: TYPES OF LIBRARIES (CONTD…) • The National Library: This library is established by the government of a country to meet the information needs of the general public. It is also the official legal depository of the Nation backed up by the decree of 1970. By this decree, it became mandatory for all publishers to deposit three copies of any work published in Nigeria to the National library. Also, the National Library of Nigeria (NLN) is empowered to establish, maintain and coordinate a branch in each state of the federation. In addition, it has a singular responsibility for production of National bibliography and development of bibliographic services. • A board was also established to oversee the policy of the NLN. • In summary the NLN functions can be summarised as follows: i. Establishment and maintenance of a branch in each state of Country.

LECTURE THREE: TYPES OF LIBRARIES (CONTD…) • PUBLIC LIBRARIES: Unlike the National Libraries, the public libraries are established for a region or local communities. They are funded with public funds and their main purpose is to meet the information needs of the members of communities they serve. • These types of the libraries have wide and varied responsibilities, ranging from the promotion of individual/groups development, commerce and technical progress to facilitating of social and cultural advancement (Opara, 2008) • The library is owed by the State Government and it is often located in its capital. The designation of the Head of the Library is the Director of State

Example of a Public Library Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris Source: http: //www. huffingtonpost. com/james-w-p-campbell/exploring-the-worlds- grea_b_4232812. html

Example of a Public Library (Contd…) New York Public Library http: //nypost. com/2014/05/07/new-york-public-library-scraps-300 m-expansion-plan/

LECTURE THREE: TYPES OF LIBRARIES (CONTD…) • Academic Libraries: These are libraries established in higher institutions such as Universities, Polytechnics, etc for the use of students, lecturers and researchers for their academic and research activities. Libraries in tertiary institutions are established to enhance the successful implementation of academic curriculum of the parent institution. These libraries are equipped with facilities that would enable the parent institution to achieve its mission and vision. • Furthermore, the libraries cater for other carders of users such as, predegree, foundation, post-graduate students and other workers in the academic environment. • In addition, they are involved in orientation courses for new in-takes, teaching of General Studies (e. g GST 105), Current Awareness Services, Selective Dissemination of Information.

Example of a well stocked Academic Library Source: http: //www. educationnews. org/technology/nces-report-e-books-on-the-rise-in-academic-libraries/

Example of a well stocked Academic Library (Contd…) Source: https: //www. acohen. com/blog/? tag=value-of-academic-library

Example of a well stocked Academic Library (Contd…)

LECTURE THREE: TYPES OF LIBRARIES (CONTD…) • Special Libraries: These are libraries established to serve a targeted clientele. They are expected to cater for the information need of professional bodies, Non-Governmental Organizations, Research Institutes, etc. • Special libraries are distinguished by the nature of clientele they are established to serve and the materials they acquire. They provide unique services to their patrons who are always in need of quick and relevant information to resolve issues and to appropriate decision. • They also provide exhaustive and expeditious service through Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) and Current Awareness Information (CAI) services • Examples of Special Libraries are: Medical Libraries (E-Latunde Odeku, Ibadan; College of Medicine, Unilag), Law Libaries (NIALS, Unilag; Ministry of Justice Library), Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi, Cocoa Research institute, etc

LECTURE THREE: TYPES OF LIBRARIES (CONTD…) • School Libraries: These are libraries in pre-tertiary institutions such as nursery, primary and secondary schools. The main reason for this type of library is to ensure that young pupils and youth have access to the materials that would contribute to their intellectual development. • Usually, it may be one or two rooms set aside for the use of students and teachers with a collection of books and other reading materials for learning, recreation activities. • Olanlokun and Salisu (1985) traced the origin of the schools library to 1740 when a man called Franklin Benjamin included a school library as a distinct faculty and further designed a room in Penn Master school, Philadelphia as a Library in 1744 • School libraries support the school curriculum, encourage skill development and inculcate intellectual development in school children.

LECTURE THREE: TYPES OF LIBRARIES (CONTD…) Images of school libraries Source: http: //www. slj. com/2011/04/industry-news/divinedesign-how-to-create-the-21 st-century-school-library-ofyour-dreams/

LECTURE THREE: TYPES OF LIBRARIES (CONTD…) • Personal Libraries: These are libraries established and maintained by an individual. It could only be accessed by the individual or immediate members of the household of the person that owns it. The personal library unlike other types of libraries has a personal holdings which is of importance to the owner. It shows the love of books and entrenches the culture of reading. It is usually a room or a small space or better still a pent house. Example below: Example of a personal library Source: http: //www. alamy. com/stock-photopersonal-library-2 -floor-penthouse-apartmentcasa-fontana-milan-architect-1534754. html

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY • The major role of the library is to serve as a center of information. Thus, library as a house for intellectual property and domain for all sorts of information, provides easy access to its content so as to help the library patrons locate information effectively. • Traditionally, libraries in academic environment are instituted to support activities that will assist the parent institutions’ tripodal mandate of learning, research and community service. • The library has organizational structure that enables it cope with the demand on it. Thus, there are different departments created within the library to perform different function or functions as the case may be.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • In a well organized and developed library are found structures that aids day-to-day running of the library system. There are human and materials resources in the library. the human resources are of different categories, and these are Professionals, Para-professionals and Supporting staff. • The professionals are those heading various services points in the library and are centrally supervised by the University Librarian who is both Professional and administrative head of the library. • The services in the library can divided into two and these are Reader and Technical Services.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) Under the reader services are the following: i. Circulation section ii. Reference section iii. Special collection section iv. Digital or electronic section i. Circulation Section: The circulation section handles the user’s registration. It is also a place for charging and discharging of books, that is a section in the library that handles lending of library materials. They keep statistical records of books borrowed and ensure that such material are returned to the library within a specified period based on the library’s loan policy. They are also responsible for sending over due notices to the library defaulters as well as collect fines on books overdue. This section also handles inter-library transaction on behalf of the parent institution and ensures that old materials are removed from the shelves. They monitor the usage of materials being consulted in the library so as to make appropriate recommendation for replacement when necessary.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) Its activities can be summarized as follows: i. Registration of users ii. Handling records of books used and borrowed out of the library iii. Taking statistics of books used and users of the library iv. Sending overdue notices and facilitate return of books overdue v. Respond to quick and short queries from users. vi. Monitor the usage of books kept on reserved area. vii. Monitor the usage of books (by this, they are able to assist acquisition department when acquiring books for the library)

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • ii. Reference section: This is part of the library where materials are mainly for consultation within the reading area. In this section are found general works e. g. encyclopedias, technical reports, dictionaries, atlases, directories, yearbooks, indexes, abstracts, biographies, manuals, patents, etc. The Librarian will not allow any of these materials out of the library on loan. • iii. Special collections: Few libraries have this section, however it is more prominent in Academic, Public or State Libraries. The National Libraries often create this section as part of the services offered to the public. In this section are kept edicts, decrees, gazettes, budget speeches, etc. In other areas theses, dissertations and some other delicate materials are kept for special consultation.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • iv. Digital/Electronic section: This section of the library handles all electronic resources for users. Materials such as internet, databases, CDROMs, etc are made available to users. The section is also headed by a professional Librarian with sound knowledge of its usage to provide information to users. They also organize training (through workshop/seminars) for users on how to use these facilities.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • Of importance to us in the Technical Services are Acquisitions Section, Cataloguing Section and Serials Section. • The Acquisitions section of the library is responsible for the purchases of all library resources. There are three major ways through which library acquires its resources and these are: - (i) Through direct purchases (ii) Through gifts/exchanges programme (iii) Through Legal deposit. (only when a library is designated as a repository library) • The library through policy has the exclusive right to acquire educational materials for all the programmes offered by the parent institution.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • This section of the library is also responsible for keeping the records of all the books ordered and received into the library. In addition, through Accession booklet, it keeps a unique number to each of the library holding (Accession number is the number assigned on each book purchase and its is also known as control number) • Furthermore, it ensures that only essential materials needed for the courses offered are purchased for the institution in order to maximize the available funds. • The staff in this section usually work closely with the faculty staff so as to ensure that the books ordered covered the subject areas for the courses offered.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • In summary therefore, the functions of this section are as follows: 1. Acquisitions of all resources in the library i. e both prints and non-prints. 2. keeping the records of items purchased and all items added to the library collections 3. Interacting with all book vendors and other book agents to get materials for the library. 4. To inform members of the academic community the newly acquired materials in their areas of specialization. 5. To prepare all books acquired and send them to cataloguing for further processing.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • In order to function effectively, this section operates with some tools, and these are Books in print, Publisher’s catalogue, Publisher’s website or email addresses, African Books and Publishing Records, etc.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • After books and any other resources have been processed in the Acquisitions section of the Library, they are transferred to cataloguing section for further processing. The essence is to ensure that books are organized in such a way that it can be easily accessed by users for maximum usage. . • Books processing include fly leaves, title page, dedication, preface, illustration, table of contents, etc. In addition, author’s name, title of the book, publisher, place of publication, year of publication and other bibliographic details are essential features that must be captured during book’s processing. • Another important segment in the book processing is called Classification. This is when books of the same subject are grouped together for easy usage using classification schemes. Some of the essential schemes used in the libraries are: (i) Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) (ii) Library of

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • The activities in Cataloguing Section include the following: i. Preparation of main entry card: This is also known as author’s entry. The surname of the author comes first, followed by the initials. ii. The Added entry: This is in the case of joint author. It could also be a case of subject or series. iii. Edition: In the case of new edition or where any significant change(s) occurred on the original text. iv. Joint Author/Editor: This is where entries are made for those that collaborate with the first or main author. v. Imprint: This has to do with information about the material. It has to do

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • It is important to note that all library materials irrespective of what they are, pass through the process mentioned above.

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) RESERVED BOOK SECTION: This is another important area in the library. it is not all books that are available in the library that can be borrowed. Books placed on reserved or reference are not to be taken out of the library. They can only be consulted within the library and in a situation where such a material is on high demands, then the library policy must have shown how long a user can hold on to such material. There are several reasons why books are placed on reserved and these are: i. When the book is on high demand ii. When such book is rare that is, it is out of print and only few copies are available. iii. Lecturers may request that such book be placed on reserved iv. When library has few copies and the book is needed by more that one

LESSON FOUR: ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY (Contd…) • SERIALS SECTION: The serial section of the library handles the purchasing and processing of periodicals. A serial publication as defined by American Library Association is a publication issued in successive parts. Serials publication include periodicals, annual reports, yearbooks, memoirs, proceedings, transactions of societies. There are both national and international agents that specialize in procuring serial publications for the library. Example is SWETS Information Services, based in United Stated of American. There is also a company based in Ibadan called Safari. The subscription is always on annual basis which is renewable. Also institutions can make direct purchase. This section maintains a KARDEX where the records of all serials procured are kept for users’ accessibility. In most libraries, users are not allowed to borrow journal, so they provide

LECTURE FIVE: ACQUISITIONS AND MATERIALS PROCESSING • After books have been acquired and assigned accession numbers (refer to the previous lecture on acquisitions), then the books will be sent to Cataloguing department. • This section of the library is responsible for classification and cataloguing of books and other library materials • The Librarian that works in this section is called a cataloguer. • Classification is a process by which books on the same subject are put together, so that they could be used with ease. • Classification is an important segment in book processing, it boosts the usage of books by the library users.

LECTURE FIVE: ACQUISITIONS AND MATERIALS PROCESSING (Contd…) • Organization of books and their maintenance is an essential feature of this area in the library. • The 3” × 5” catalogue cards are often used to extract bibliographic details on the books. • Some of the tools used in this section to process books include; Library of Congress (LC) Classification scheme, Library of Congress Subject Heading (LCSH), Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), Bernard Classification scheme for Medical Textbooks, Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), Moy’s scheme used essentially for Law books

LECTURE FIVE: ACQUISITIONS AND MATERIALS PROCESSING (Contd…) • Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) Scheme: This was published in 1876 by Melvin Devey. • It arrangement starts from general to the specific as follows: 000 – 099 (General Works) 100 – 199 (Philosophy) 200 – 299 (Religion) 300 – 399 (Social Science) 400 – 499 (Languages) 500 – 599 (Basic Sciences) 600 – 699 (Applied Sciences) 700 – 799 (Fine Arts) 800 – 899 (Literature) 900 – 999 History

LECTURE FIVE: ACQUISITIONS AND MATERIALS PROCESSING (Contd…) • The inadequacies found in DDC led to the emergence of Library of Congress (LC) classification scheme which originally was meant to cater the collection of the Library of Congress but was later found to be suitable for the collection of large libraries. • It was first published in 1904 by the United States Printing Office. Unilike DDC that uses figures, the LC schemes use letters and numbers. The outline of the scheme is as follows: A – General works B – Philosophy and Religion C – Science of History, Civilization D – Science of History, Old World E & F - U. S. General History

LECTURE FIVE: ACQUISITIONS AND MATERIALS PROCESSING (Contd…) • Each book in the library has a call number assigned to it and the letter represents the broad area covered by that book with a series of Arabic letters. e. g. HB 2014 . G 76 N 56 This represent the aspect of subject covered by the book, the author’s name and the title of the book. It also revealed the further narrows down area of the subject area included in the book. All these information are typed and filed in catalogue box for users to have access.

LECTURE SIX: OTHER FACILITIES AND SERVICES IN THE LIBRARY • The library, in addition to the provision of normal library services also provides other services such as: i. Bindery and photocopying ii. Abstracting and Indexing iii. Selective Information Dissemination. iv. Display of New Title v. In addition, they effectively evaluate the resources they come in contact with so as to provide the patrons with the best information. vi. They also organize and coordinate project services for users, vii. Collaborate with other libraries and users to improve and implement new services, involve in outreach programme and actively promote the library

LECTURE SEVEN: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY INTRODUCTION • The recent trend in the library is the inclusion of Information Technology in the service delivery. • The introduction of Information Technology (IT) created changes far beyond the simple storage and retrieval of information. It has brought a tremendous change in the value, usage and dissemination of information and thereby put the library in the threshold of explosion in the method by which information is stored, viewed, interpreted, retrieved and disseminated. • Information Technology is the term used to describe technologies that enable us to record, store, retrieve, transmit and receive information. Information Technology (IT) is used to improve the ways things are done, their usage come from ability to out-perform human beings in area where human capability limits.

LECTURE SEVEN: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY (CONT…D) THE IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY • Introduction of Information Technology (IT) into library services has provided many significant changes in the various functions of the library. • The effect is more evident in some of the essential services such as catalogue of library resources, the registration of users, keeping statistics of books consulted or circulated. • Computer terminals can now take the place of card catalogues and record of users and staff.

LECTURE SEVEN: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY (CONT…D) TYPES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY • The library faced with so many avenues of development has introduced new technologies into the existing services. One of these IT in the library today is the computer. • Computer can be called a machine that is made up of different components. The components can be categorized as hardware and software

LECTURE SEVEN: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY (CONT…D) • COMPUTER HARDWARE CPU Main Storage Input Arithmetic Logical Unit Control Unit Secondary Storage Devices Output

LECTURE SEVEN: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY (CONT…D) COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM • • Input Devices Storage Control Unit Output Devices

LECTURE SEVEN: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY (CONT…D) SOFTWARE • A software is actually a set of instructions that computer will follow. It instructs the hardware components and make them work. Without software, all we have is heap of machinery that is of little or no use at all. • The software programs are classified into two groups: (a) The system programs and (b) The application programs

LECTURE SEVEN: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY (CONT…D) COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY • This is another technology that is being used in the library and there are various types of these technologies that have been introduced into the library services. They are used primarily to send information or message across a great or few distance away. Examples of these include: • Telephone • Modem • Telex • Networks • Electronic Mail • Teleconferencing • Facsimile (Fax) • Micrographics

LECTURE SEVEN: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY (CONT…D) CONSTRAINTS TO THE USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT • Though these new technologies are very desirable, one finds that there are many constraints in the availability of these new technologies in Africa. • The first problem is lack of funds. These information technologies are very expensive to purchase and because the manufacturers are not here, the cost of maintenance is also very high so also are the spare parts whenever the needs arise for it. • Secondly, there is a socio-political problem. People prefer to do the job, they have phobia for embracing technology fearing it may lead to retrenchment. Instability of Government also hinders the progress, different governments with different priorities, while one government may have interest and embrace information technology, another one may not. • Thirdly is the lack of technical personnel to maintain and handle these

LECTURE SEVEN: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE LIBRARY (CONT…D) SUMMARY • The summary of Information Technology (IT) in the library and information services cannot be over emphasized. However, the availability of these technologies such as computer, telex, modem, electronic mail, Micrographics, copiers, et al will aid various libraries to share resources both locally, regionally, national and international. • Though the introduction of these new technologies in the library is highly desirable, we have been able to identify few constraints against it in African context. However, the rapid development of electronic information systems are of great help to serious researcher, since they are machine readable counter parts of various printed text of primary, secondary and tertiary sources of information. USE OF LIBRARY, STUDY SKILL AND INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY by AKINADE, Helen O. J. (Ph. D, CLN, FICA) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4. 0 International License.