Mouly 1978 l Research in librarianship is defined

研究的定義 『研究是有計劃且有系統的蒐集、分析以及解釋資料， 以可靠地解決問題的歷程。』(Mouly, 1978) l Research in librarianship is defined as a systematic study of a problem through the application of methodologies or a combination of them, ranging from experimental, descriptive, and quantitative to analytical. l 3

科學方法的特點 (Roger Wimmer & Joseph Dominick) 1. 科學是公開的(Scientific Research is Public) 2. 科學是客觀的(Science is Objective) 3. 科學是經驗性的(Science is Empirical) 4. 科學是系統的和累積的(Science is Systematic and Cumulative) 5. 科學具有預測性(Science is Predictive) 4

科學研究過程中的七個階段 1. 研究問題(Problem) 2. 研究假設(Hypothesis) 3. 研究設計(Research Design) 4. 測量(Measurement) 5. 資料蒐集(Data Collection) 6. 資料分析(Data Analysis) 7. 概括化(Generalization) 6

經驗性研究 (Empirical Research) l l l Based on observation or experiment Relying on practical experience rather than theory 主題必須有重要性 7

科學研究的要件 Universality 普及性 1. • researchable Replication 可重複性 3. Control 可控制性 4. Measurement 可測度性 ‧對現象的觀察與記錄 2. 10

為什麼需要作研究? 專業的進步 (Growth of the Profession) l 實務的應用 (Practical Applications) l 閱讀研究結果 (Reading Research Results) l 改善對研究人員的服務 (Improved Service to Researchers) l 培養作研究的能力 (Ability to Conduct Research) l 11

圖書資訊學研究資料來源 l 資料庫 l Library Literature l Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) l ERIC l dissertation database - Pro. Quest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT) l http: //lib. fju. edu. tw/db/database. htm 13

圖書資訊學專業刊物 Journal of American Society for Information Science and Technology Library Quarterly College and Research Libraries Library Resources and Technical Services RQ 14

圖書資訊學專業刊物 Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science http: //www. utpjournals. com/cjils. html Library and Information Science Research Library Trends http: //muse. jhu. edu/journals/library_trends/toc/lib 55. 1. html Information Processing and Management http: //ees. elsevier. com/ipm/ Annual Review of Information Science and Technology Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science 15

The Web Center for Social Research Methods http: //www. socialresearchmethods. net 16

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The Web Center for Social Research Methods l l the Knowledge Base -- an online hypertextbook on applied social research methods that covers everything you want to know about defining a research question, sampling, measurement, research design and data analysis. Selecting Statistics -- an online statistical advisor! Answer the questions and it will lead you to an appropriate statistical test for your data. The Simulation Book -- A previously unpublished book of manual (i. e. , dice-rolling) and computer simulation exercises of common research designs, for students and researchers to learn how to do simple simulations. Concept mapping 18

Language of Research l Learning about research is a lot like learning about anything else. To start, you need to learn the jargon people use, the big controversies they fight over, and the different factions that define the major players 19

Language of Research l l Research involves an eclectic blending of an enormous range of skills and activities. To be a good social researcher, you have to l l l be able to work well with a wide variety of people, understand the specific methods used to conduct research understand the subject that you are studying be able to convince someone to give you the funds to study it stay on track and on schedule, speak and write persuasively 20

研究的詞彙 l l 操作性定義 (Operational Definition) 信度 (Reliability) 效度 (Validity) 變數，變項 (Variables) l l 質化變項 (Qualitative Variable) 量化變項(Quantitative Variable) 依變項(Dependent Variable) 自變項(Independent Variable) 21

研究的詞彙 • 假設 (Hypothesis) • 假定 (Assumption) • 研究方法 (Methodology) • 限制 (Limitation) • 理論 (Theory) • 概念 (Concept) 22

典範變遷(Paradigm shift) l l The invention of an idea, which seems to re-explain a whole set of facts so that they can be seen in a new way A radical change in personal beliefs, complex systems, or organizations, replacing the formal way of thinking or organizing with a radically different way of thinking or organizing l 如資訊科學領域的典範變遷 24

變項 (Variable) l l Refer to an element, entity, or factor(quality or quantity) that is under study in an empirical investigation(Busha, 1980) 變項是分派數字或價值的符號(王文科, 2001) 25

變項 (Variable)的分類 l l 自變項 Independent Variable (predictor variable, experimental variable): This variable determines, influences, or produces the change in the other main factor. 依變項 Dependent Variable: This variable is dependent on or influenced by the independent variable 26

Examples of Titles l l l A study of library design influences on user behavior and satisfaction. A study of the relationship of role conflict, the need for role clarity, and job satisfaction. Implications of title diversity and collection overlap for interlibrary loan among secondary schools. The attitudes of adults toward the public library, and their relationships to library use. Book selection and book collection usage in academic libraries. 28

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定義的類型 l l 概念性定義 (Formal or Conceptual Definitions) 操作性定義 (Working or Operational Definitions) 30

假設 (Hypothesis) 圖書館技巧對圖書館利用有正面的影 響 (Library skills have a positive effect on library use) 37

效度與信度 (Validity and Reliability) 1. 2. 3. 內在效度 (Internal Validity) 建構效度 (Construct Validity) 外在效度 (External Validity) 41

假設的類型 Alternative hypothesis l Null hypothesis l l the prediction that there is no relationship between your treatment and your outcome. 49

Significance level l Significance level - the probability of finding a relationship between your treatment and effect when there isn't one in reality. Type I Error - rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. Type II Error - accepting the null hypothesis when it is false 50

假設應有的特點 (Desirable Characteristics of Hypotheses) l l l Generability, or universality Compatibility with existing knowledge Testability Invariability Causality 51

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Basic Research & Applied Research OECD Frascati Manual之分類與定義 l l Pure-basic research is carried out for the advancement of knowledge, without working for long-term economic or social benefits, and with no positive efforts being made to apply the results to practical problems or to transfer the results to sectors responsible for its application; Oriented-basic research is carried out with the expectation that it will produce a broad base of knowledge likely to form the background to the solution of recognized or expected current or future problems or possibilities; 54

Basic Research & Applied Research OECD Frascati Manual之分類與定義 l l Strategic-applied research is directed toward practical aims, but has not yet advanced to the stage where eventual applications can be clearly specified; Specific-applied research will have quite specific and detailed products, processes, systems, etc. as its aims 55