Motivation What is Motivation What do you think

Motivation

What is Motivation? What do you think it means?

Motivation • The forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior • A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Motivation n Activation – initiation or production behavior n Persistence – continued effort to get something n Intensity – greater vigor of responding

Theories • Theories have proven weak over time, but we take a little from each to form our modern understanding. . .

n Instinct Theories n Motivation is innate and due to genetic programming n Instincts are rigidly patterned throughout a species n Animals display instinctive behavior patterns such as migration and mating behavior n IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds migrating south for the winter

Instinct • A complex, inherited, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

Instinct Motivation • Examples of Instincts – Rivalry – Sympathy – Fear – Shyness – Cleanliness – Food-Seeking – Sociability – Parental Love – Mating Submission Modesty Secretiveness Repulsion Jealousy Curiosity Combativeness Hunting Constructiveness

Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?

Why is Sally so quiet and timid?

Why is Dave so overweight?

Why does Jane beat her children?

Why do people do the things that they do? (Instinct Theory) • Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights? Combativeness Instinct • Why is Sally so quiet and timid? Shyness Instinct • Dave is overweight and can’t stop eating because of his food-seeking instinct. • Jane beats and neglects her children because she wasn’t born with a parental love instinct.

• By 1920’s and 1930’s theory is out, but the idea that some human behaviors are innate and genetically programmed remained an important element in the overall understanding of motivation

Drives • Aroused states of tension created by an imbalance • Organism must reduce the drive to restore balance

DRIVE – REDUCTION THEORY • Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

Drive-Reduction Theory

Drive-Reduction Theory

Drive-Reduction Theory

Drive-Reduction Motivation n Homeostasis = The body monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and energy supplies n If any of these levels deviates very far from the optimal level, the body initiates processes (motivation) to bring the condition back to normal

Why did Shawn steal that candy bar?

Why does Carrie wear sweatshirts, even in the summer?

Why do people do the things that they do? (Drive-Reduction Theory) • Why did Shawn steal that candy bar? To satisfy his hunger and to maintain homeostasis. His body told him that he needed it. • Carrie always wears long sleeve shirts, even in the summer. She must have an internal thermostat that drops very easily, and in order to maintain a certain internal body temperature, she always has to wear an extra layer of clothing.

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

Homeostatic Regulation

• Drive theories are inadequate • many people strive to increase tension and physiological arousal Such as by running a marathon or jumping out planes…

Incentive Theory • Extrinsic Motivation • Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of external rewards (reinforcement principal) or punishment…

Intrinsic Motivation • Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by internal factors, to do something for its own sake • Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a good or right thing to do.

Why did Kevin kill Bill?

Why does Janet swim everyday, for many hours?

Why does Steve do nothing but homework?

Why do people do the things that they do? (Incentive Theory) • Kevin committed murder because he was paid to do so. • Jane swims everyday, before and after school, on weekends, etc. so that she can win an Olympic Gold medal. • Steve is considered a geek because he does all of his homework so that he can get all “A’s”. If he does, he can have a television in his bedroom.

• Why did Cassie become a nun?

• Why does Greg work at the homeless shelter on weekends, instead of playing baseball?

• Why does Karen spend so many hours working on her perfecting her swing?

• Why did Jessica serve on jury duty, even though she missed several days of work and an exam?

Why do people do the things that they do? (Intrinsic Motivation) • Cassie became a nun because she felt that it was morally the right thing to do. • Greg works at the homeless shelter because it makes him feel good to help other people in need. • Karen practices her swing because she enjoys softball, and so that she can become a better softball player. • Jessica was a jurier in the murder trial because putting away criminals is the right thing to do.

MORE MOTIVATIONS… Social Acceptance Behaviors are motivated by the desire to increase our social acceptance and inclusion in social groups.

MORE MOTIVATIONS… Control • Motivation is driven by a need to control one’s environment. • to be decisive, assertive, and influence others for personal gain.

MORE MOTIVATIONS… Competition • Comparing your performance to others can enhance your self-esteem. • This could determine your behavior in school, on the field or elsewhere…

Motivation • Humanistic Theory • People are motivated to satisfy a progression of internal needs, beginning with the most basic and moving towards the realization of personal potential Sound Familiar…. ?

Abraham Maslow (1908 -1970) • Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs

Humanistic Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Physiological Needs: Food Water Warmth Rest

• When the physiological needs are met, the need for safety will emerge.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Safety Needs: Security Safety

Humanistic Motivation • Safety Needs: – Security of employment – Security of revenues and resources – Physical Security - violence, delinquency, aggressions – Moral and physiological security – Familial security – Security of health

Humanistic Motivation Safety Needs • Safety needs have to do with establishing stability and consistency in a chaotic world. • IE. We need the security of a home and family. If a family is dysfunctional, a child cannot move to the next level because they are constantly concerned for their safety. Love and belongingness (Step 3) have to wait until they are no longer cringing in fear.

• In addition, safety needs sometimes motivate people to be religious. • Religions comfort us with the promise of a safe secure place after we die and leave the insecurity of this world.

• After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are based on the needs for belongingness and love.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Intimate Relationships Friends

Humanistic Motivation • Belongingness and Love Needs: –emotionally-based relationships: • friendship, sexual relationship, or having a family.

• Humans have a desire to belong to groups: clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. • We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by others, to be accepted by others. • We need to be needed.

Humanistic Motivation Belongingness and Love Needs – People have a constant desire to feel needed. – In the absence of these elements, people become increasingly susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and depression.

• Once the needs of Stages 1 thru 3 have been met, humans can concentrate on fulfilling esteem needs.

Esteem Needs: Prestige, Feelings of Accomplishment, Self-Worth

There are 2 types of esteem needs. • First is self-esteem which results from competence or mastery of a task. Respecting yourself! • Second, there's the attention and recognition that comes from others.

– Imbalances at this level can result in a low self-esteem and inferiority complexes – on the other hand in an inflated sense of self and snobbishness.

• Only if the needs of Stages 1 thru 4 have been met can a person move on the Stage 5. • Most people spend the majority of their lives striving to achieve and maintain the goals set forth in Stages 1 thru 4, and may never reach Stage 5, • self-actualization.

Self. Actualization : Achieving one’s full potential

Self-Actualization • At the top of Maslow’s pyramid • According to Maslow, the need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential

Humanistic Motivation • Self-Actualization: – Self-actualization is the instinctual need of a human to make the most of their unique abilities. Maslow described it as follows: • Self Actualization is the intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately, of what the organism is.

• The need for self-actualization is "the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. " - Maslow

• Which students usually take up environmental causes, join the Peace Corps, do missionary work, etc. ? • Those whose other needs have been satisfied!

Specific Motivations • Hunger • Sex • Achievement

Hunger • What physiological factors cause us to feel hungry? • What psychological factors cause us to feel hungry?

Hunger – Physiological Factors • Glucose/Blood-Sugar Levels – Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. – Low blood-sugar levels triggers hunger. Low level messages are sent to the hypothalamus. • Orexin – Orexin is the hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus.

Hunger – Physiological Factors • Leptin – Leptin is a protein secreted by fat cells. When it is abundant, it causes the brain to increase metabolism and the body’s activity levels, and decreases hunger. When there is too little leptin, it causes the brain to decrease metabolism, lower activity levels, and increases hunger.

Hunger – Physiological Factors • Ghrelin – Gherlin is the hormone secreted by an empty stomach. It sends an “I’m hungry” signal to the brain. • PYY – PYY is a digestive tract hormone that sends an “I’m not hungry” signal to the brain.

Hunger – Physiological Factors • Lateral Hypothalamus – part of the brain responsible for hunger • Ventromedial Hypothalamus – part of the brain responsible for stopping eating • Set-Point Theory – the hypothalamus decides what signal to send based on a genetic metabolic rate (how quickly the body uses energy)

Hunger – Psychological Factors • Our eating habits (when we eat, what we eat, how much we eat, etc. ) is not only controlled by internal signals of hunger or fullness, but also by external factors related to taste preferences, culture, media influences, convenience, moods, religion, etc.

Hunger – Psychological Factors • Some people have a preferences for hot and spicy foods, while others enjoy sweets or salty foods. • In some cultures or time periods heaviness indicated wealth, so eating was/is encouraged. • Eastern cultures often enjoy dog, rat, and horse meat. In some Middle Eastern cultures the eye of a camel is considered a delicacy. • Hindus avoid eating beef because Hindus believe that all living things contain a part of the divine spirit.

Hunger – Psychological Factors • Mood - When you are happy you may eat certain foods, but when you are sad you may indulge in other foods. • Supply - If there is an abundance or lack of grocery stores, fast-food drive-thru, and restaurant, eating habits may differ. • Media - influence eating behaviors as well. If the Hollywood standard is thin, if models are “heroin chic”, then eating habits may change, especially with regards to young women.

Hunger – Psychological Factors • The Garcia Effect – Simply thinking about a certain food and its pairing with an unpleasant episode will curb your desire for that food – IE. At the movies, your friend vomits popcorn all over the seat and your shoes. Popcorn no longer has an appeal to you. – Similar to a taste aversion but it does not follow the rules of classical conditioning

Hunger – Psychological Factors Eating Disorders – Anorexia Nervosa – an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat, continues to starve – Bulimia Nervosa – an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, (binging) followed by vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise

Weight Loss Trends • In 2003: • 65% of U. S. citizens indicated they tried some form of weight loss or weight control • 49% attempted to lose at least five pounds • 16% attempted to maintain their weight • Only 20% however, were "very" or "extremely" successful

u one out of every one hundred young women between ten and twenty are starving themselves, sometimes to death. (1% have anorexia) u four out of one hundred, collegeaged women have bulimia. u Only about 10% of people with anorexia and bulimia are male.

u. Without treatment, up to twenty percent (20%) of people with serious eating disorders die. u. With treatment, that number falls to two to three percent (2 -3%).

• Average woman – 5’ 4” 145 lbs. Size 11 -14 101 lbs. Size 4 36/37 -29/31 -40/42 • Barbie – 6’ 39 -19 -33

Overweight • What motivates people to eat too much? ?

• Studies suggest that about sixty percent of adult Americans, both male and female, are overweight. About one third (34%) are obese, meaning that they are 20% or more above normal, healthy weight. Many of these people have binge eating disorder. • include fast food, snacks with high sugar and fat content, little physical activity including use of automobiles, increased time spent in front of TV sets and computers, and a generally more sedentary lifestyles than slimmer peers.

Overweight • Who to Blame? – Genetics – Population Trends – Lifestyle – High-Carb Diets – Decline in Smoking – Less Demanding Workplace – Television – Social Class

Sex • What physiological factors motivate us to have sex? – What are the stages of the human sexual response cycle? How do sex hormones influence human sexual development and arousal? • What psychological factors cause us to have sex?

Sex – Physiological Factors • Hormones – Estrogen – a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. – Testosterone – a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by males than by females.

Sex – Physiological Factors • The Sexual Response Cycle – Excitement – Plateau – Orgasm – Resolution

Sex – Physiological Factors • Excitement –The genital areas become engorged with blood, causing a man’s penis to swell and a woman’s clitoris to swell, as well as opening a woman’s vagina.

Sex – Physiological Factors • Plateau –Excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. Secretions from the penis and clitoris may occur.

Sex – Physiological Factors • Orgasm – Further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure, accompanied by muscle contractions all over the body. Males propel semen from the penis while a female’s uterus is put into a position to receive sperm during this stage.

Sex – Physiological Factors • Resolution – After orgasm, the body gradually returns to its unaroused state. – Refractory Period – a resting period after an orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm (a few minutes to a day or more for typical men, far less time for a woman)

Sex – Psychological Factors • External Stimuli – Seeing, hearing, or reading erotic material – Imagination and Daydreams – Cultural Influences – Personal Morals and Beliefs – Media Portrayals of Sex – Religious Convictions – Drugs and Alcohol – Contraception

Achievement • Achievement Motivation refers to a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Achievement Motivation • A desire for significant accomplishment • A desire for the mastery of things, people, or ideas • A desire for attaining a high standard

Achievement • Industrial-Organizational Psychology is the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in the workplace – Personnel Psychology: focuses on recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development of workers – Organizational Psychology: focuses on how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation , satisfaction, and productivity

Achievement • When applying achievement motivation to a workforce, managers generally chose one of the following: – Theory X – workers will only work with benefits or threatened with punishment – Theory Y – workers have internal motivation to do good work and only need encouragement

Achievement • Characteristics and Factors related to one’s “need to achieve”: – Job Satisfaction – Employee Engagement – Harness Your Strengths – Set Goals – Choosing An Appropriate Leadership Style

Achievement • Characteristics and Factors related to one’s “need to achieve”: – A persistence and eagerness for realistic challenges – Ambition – Energetic – Self-disciplined – Preparation – Practice

Achievement • Characteristics and Factors related to one’s “need to achieve”: – Disciplined Motivation – Continuously Productive – Positive Mood – Leadership – Organization and Goal Focus – Mediating Conflict

When Motives Conflict • Sometimes you know exactly what to do in a situation, and sometimes the solution is unclear, you are confused, or knowing what you should do conflicts with what you want to do.

• Approach-Approach Conflict – This occurs when you have a choice between two desirable outcomes IE. Do I go to the rock concert or the ball game? Both are great choices.

• Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict – Occurs when you must choose between to undesirable outcomes – IE. Do I clean my room first, or mow the lawn?

• Approach-Avoidance Conflict – A choice you are going to make has good and bad potential outcomes – IE. You are lactose intolerant, but that ice cream cone on a hot day would be great.

• Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts – You must choose between two or more things, each with good and bad outcomes – IE. Time for college. College A has your major, but is too far from home. College B is less expensive, but has too many students.

Developing Self Motivation • Associate your high achievement with positive emotions • Connect your achievement with your efforts • Raise your expectations

Motivating Others • Cultivate intrinsic motivation • Attend to individual motives • Set specific, challenging goals • Choose an appropriate leadership style –Task leadership –Social leadership