Motivation Emotion 1 Instinct Theory William James l

Motivation & Emotion 1

Instinct Theory William James l Humans are motivated by a variety of instincts l Instincts: inherited tendencies that are not subject to reason l 2

Instincts Present at Birth Sucking reflex l Facial expressions like smiling l Hunger, thirst, warmth l Helping, aggression, mate selection l 3

Freud and Instinct Theory Freud believed that instincts motivate human behavior l Motivation is caused by sexual and aggressive instincts l 4

Today’s Views Few psychologists today subscribe to instinct theory l Instinct theory leaves out the roles that learning and culture play l 5

Evolutionary Theories Motivation is a product of evolution l Survey of 10, 000 men and women in 33 countries on six continents l What males want l What females want l 6

Drive Reduction Theory l By the 1950 s, drive reduction theory had replaced instinct theory l Clark Hull: biological needs demand satisfaction (food, water, sleep) l Need: state of deprivation l Drive: state of bodily tension caused by a need 7

Drive Reduction (cont. ) l Homeostasis = balance l Body temperature, blood sugar, and oxygen levels l Habits 8

Primary vs. Secondary Drives l Primary (physiological, innate): hunger, thirst, sexual desire. l Secondary (psychological, result of experience): wealth, success, social approval l Relation between primary and secondary drives 9

Harry Harlow Challenged drive reduction theory l Claimed that Hull overlooked important factors l 10