Motivation Chapter 10 Motivational Theories and Concepts o

Motivation Chapter 10

Motivational Theories and Concepts o o Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goaldirected behavior Drive theories – seeking homeostasis Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success

Diversity of motives o Biological versus Social motives

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors o Brain regulation n n o Glucose and digestive regulation n o Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus Paraventricular nucleus Glucostatic theory Hormonal regulation n Insulin and leptin

The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors o Learned preferences and habits n n o Food-related cues n o Exposure When, as well as what Appearance, odor, effort required Stress n Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating

Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity o o Evolutionary explanations Genetic predisposition n o o Body Mass Index and adoption study The concept of set point/settling point Dietary restraint

Sexual Motivation and Behavior: o Determining Desire n Hormonal regulation o o o n Pheromones o n n n Synchronized menstrual cycles Aphrodisiacs Erotic materials Attraction to a Partner o n Estrogens Androgens Testosterone The Coolidge effect Evolutionary factors

Gender Differences in Sexual Activity o Males show a greater interest in sex than females. n n o Males have more frequent and varied sex fantasies Males subjective ratings of sex drives are higher. More motivated to pursue a greater variety of partners More willing to engage in casual (uncommitted sex) Differences may be exaggerated because of double standard towards sexuality n Women may downplay sexuality to avoid be considered permissive

Gender Differences and Mate Preferences o Parental Investment Theory n Females look for mate that could o o o n Provide resources Was willing to invest resources Protect family Males look for mate that o Had good reproductive potential n o o o Young and healthy Would be faithful Nuturing Other explanations

Expectancy Theory Valence - attractiveness of an outcome to an individual Instrumentality - strength of belief that Outcomes (e. g. , “A” on of test, raise, performance results inpromotions) outcome Expectancy - strength belief that effort attainment will result in successful performance

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS ACTUALIZATION ESTEEM SOCIAL SAFETY PHYSIOLOGICAL

Motivation o Mc. Clelland’s Learned Needs n Need for Achievement o n a need to accomplish goals, excel, and strive continually to do things better. Need for Affiliation o desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships n n n affiliative interest affiliative assurance Need for Power o the need to influence and lead others and be in control of one’s environment n n socialized power personalized power

Interpreting the TAT Affiliation + emotional relationship likes another wants to be liked by another affiliate activities Achievement standard of excellence unique accomplishment long-term goal

Situational Determinants of Achievement