Motivation and Emotion Chapter 11 What is Motivation

Motivation and Emotion Chapter 11

What is Motivation l Components – – – Motive – stimulus that moves a person toward a behavior Need – lack of something that one desires Drive – force that pushes a person to act Incentive – force that pulls a person toward a behavior Emotions – states of body and mind associated with feelings

Primary and Secondary Needs l Primary – needs for basic requirements of life – l Food, shelter, oxygen, warmth Secondary – psychological needs – money, praise, sense of achievement

Homeostasis Motivates Behavior l Need to control physiological functions – l Breathing, body temperature Need to keep emotional states within acceptable limits – Lotto winner

Theories of Motivation l The Instinct Theory – Human are driven by instincts l Safety, socialization – Problems l Did not explain risky behaviors

l The Drive Reduction Theory – – Drive cause unpleasantness Organism does whatever is necessary to reduce unpleasant feeling l Problems – People sometimes act counter to what drive-reduction might suggest l Hunger strike

l The Arousal Theory – Stimulation is a primary need l How much stimulation a person needs varies individual to individual

l Humanistic Theory – – People need to do something important with their lives Hierarchy of needs l l l Physiological – food, water, shelter Safety and security – protection and stability Social needs – love, belonging, acceptance Ego, status, self esteem needs – recognition, selfrespect, knowledge, achievement Self-actualization – fulfilling one’s potential

Cognitive Theories of Motivation l Social-Cognitive Theory – Person compares a mental model of a goal to their current situation l l Difference provides the motivation Cognitive Consistency Theory – Balance between thoughts, beliefs and behaviors l Imbalance creates cognitive dissonance Make excusses – Change behavior – Not think about behavior –

Physiological Motivation l Hunger Drive – External factors l – Internal factors l l Stress, eating habits, food-related cues, presence of eating cues Hypothalamus, Basal metabolic rate, body set point, taste sensation Sexual Drive – – Need to ensure survival of the species Also associated with higher needs – belonging, self-esteem

Psychological Motivation l Achievement motivation – Influenced by parents or caregivers l Demonstrating value of accomplishment, providing opportunity

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation l Extrinsic – l Money, recognition, avoidance of punishment Intrinsic – Sense of accomplishment for completing a task, self-satisfaction l l Self-improvement More likely to continue toward a goal

Cultural Factors in Motivation l l Religion Social taboos – Do you think cultural factors or biological needs would win out?

Emotion l States of the body and mind associated with feelings – l Have behavioral, physiological and cognitive components 8 basic emotions – – – – Joy Fear Anger Sorrow Love Surprise Disgust Anticipation

Theories of Emotion l James-Lange Theory – l Experience stimulus, body produces a physiological response, we experience an emotion Cannon-Bard Theory – External stimulus process by the brain, produces physiological response and emotion simultaneously

l Schacter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory – l Body responds to the stimulus, brain appraises situation and response, appraisal decides emotion Solomon’s Opponent-Process Theory – Homeostasis is important to emotions. When one emotion is experienced, the opposite is experiences to bring back balance

Expression and Emotion l Facial cues provide the most information with regards to emotions – Can be read across cultural borders l Expressions appear to be universal

Social Stereotypes and Emotion l Which gender is more emotional? l Which is more empathetic? l Which is more willing to share feelings?