Motivation and Emotion Basic Concepts Motivation biological emotional
Motivation and Emotion
Basic Concepts Motivation: biological, emotional, cognitive, and/or social forces that activate and direct behavior.
What Motivates You? Drive and Incentives Arousal Humanistic
Drive-Reduction Theory Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal arousal and tension (drive) caused by unmet biological needs (food, water, rest) • Desire for homeostasis (tendency to maintain a balanced internal state)
Drive-Reduction Theory Drive-reducing Need (food, behavior (eat, (hunger, water) drink) thirst) Incentive – positive or negative environmental stimulus. Need + Incentive = even more strongly driven behavior (this example of nature and nurture influences)
Arousal Theory People seek an optimal level of arousal (not too high/not too low). • Too high – seek less stimulating environment • Too low – boredom and want more stimulation (students will actually shock themselves for stimulation). **People and animals are curious by nature.
Arousal Theory Sensation Seekers – need for varied, complex, and unique sensory experiences
Yerkes – Dodson Law Moderate arousal leads to optimum performance
Humanistic Theories • Emphasize psychological and cognitive factors. • People are motivated to realize their personal potential.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Characteristics of the Self. Actualized Acceptance of Self and Others Open and Spontaneous Problem. Centered Realistic Autonomous and Can Be Alone Sense of Humor Enjoy Life’s Journey / Peak Experiences
Need for Belonginess and Affiliation (Baumeister) • Need to Belong: Drive to form and maintain lasting positive relationships characterized by mutual concern and caring. • Benefits: • Aids in survival • Enhances self-esteem • Protects our mental health (chain migration)
Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan) Optimal human functioning occurs when psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are met. Competence: Autonomy: Need to determine own behavior to be in line with goals need to learn and master appropriately challenging tasks Relatedness: need to feel attached to others and experience security
Ostracism Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups • Results: • Aggression or self-defeating behaviors (depression/underperformance) • Brain reacts as though it is physical pain
Social Connectedness Key Findings: • Lonely people spend more time online • Internet increases self-disclosure (sharing personal information with others) • Promotes narcissism (self-focused and selfpromoting behavior) • Important to learn to self-regulate your time online (monitor time/feelings; take social media breaks, etc. )
Emotion Expressive Behaviors Bodily Arousal Conscious Experience
Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cannon-Bard Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus. Stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in body and emotional experience in brain. Schachter and Singer’s Two. Factor Theory Emotions are based on cognitive inferences about the causes of physiological arousal
Theories of Emotion Zajonc/Ledoux Many emotional reactions occur without conscious interpretation. Involves neural circuit that bypasses the cortex. Lazarus – Cognitive Appraisal Even for events where cortex is bypassed, we cognitively appraise and label our feelings This could be unconscious.
Physiological Aspect of Emotion • Involves Sympathetic System of the Autonomic Nervous System. • Parasympathetic System calms us back down. • Right frontal lobe more active with negative emotions, but left frontal lobe more active for positive emotions. • Research indicates distinct neural circuits for different emotions. Polygraph Testing
Microexpressions • Women do surpass men in reading nonverbal cues emotional literacy, and emotional responsiveness. • Feeds into attributions made about men and women. • Women’s emotionality = disposition • Men’s emotionality = situation • Lack of nonverbal cues hinders communication via texting. • Use of emojis to compensate.
Expression of Emotion (Ekman) Happiness Surprise Anger Disgust Sadness Fear Display Rules– Social and cultural regulations governing facial expressions.
Facial Expressions and Feelings Facial Feedback Effect– Facial muscle states trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness. Behavior Feedback Effect– specific behaviors can trigger specific emotional states Fake It Til You Make It!
Psychology In Action: Using Anthromorphism to Promote Interest in Nature
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