Motivating Employees What is Motivation Definition Motivation More
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Motivating Employees
What is Motivation? • Definition • Motivation = 激勵 • More than 140 definitions • The inner thrust behind behavior (Cohen, 1970) • Performance ≠ Motivation • Performance = Ability x Motivation
MOTIVATION THEORIES • • The Pygmalion Effect Need-Hierarchy Theory 需求層級理論 Manifest Need Theory Y Theory Two-Factor Theory 二因子理論 Expectancy Theory Equity Theory Goal Theory
The Pygmalion Effect • Robert Rosenthal (1960) • Expectation makes difference • Positive impact you can make on ees
Theory Y • Douglas Mc. Gregor (1960) • Theory X vs. Theory Y • Theory X • 人討厭 作 people are lazy by nature • 人喜歡接受命令並避免承擔責任 • 組織須以懲處的方式方能使員 努力 作 (need to be pushed into productive behavior)
Two-Factor Theory • Frederick Herzberg (1966) • Also called “Motivation-Hygiene Theory” 激勵保健理論 • Motivation factor • Achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement • Hygiene factor • Company policy, supervision, salary, interpersonal relationship, working condition
Expectancy Theory • Victor H. Vroom (1964) • 激勵 = 期望 x 價值 x 具 • Expectancy 期望: 辛勤努力(effort)就會看到具體 作成效 (performance) • Instrument 具: 作成效 (performance)將會被 獎勵(reward) • Valence 價值: 獎勵的東西非常吸引人 • Effort Satisfactory performance Desired rewards • Link b/w what one is doing and the expected reward
Equity Theory • J. S. Adams (1963) • 投入 vs. 產出
Manifest Needs Theory • David Mc. Clelland (1950 s) • Needs vs. environment • Three types of needs • Achievement成就 • Power權力 • Affiliation歸屬 • Based on different needs to develop different motivation plan
From the motivation theories, what have we learn? How to apply theories to the reality?
Techniques for Motivating Employees 1. Communication 2. Job enhancement 3. Delegation of responsibility 4. Treating employees fairly and respectfully 5. Involving employees in organizational rights National Restaurant Association
Motivation…………… Where to start? • Conduct attitude survey to find out what motivate your employee • Analyze your workforce and know what they want
Four myths about pay • Myth#1: Labor rate vs. labor cost • Myth#2: Cutting labor cost by cutting labor rate • Myth#3: Low labor rates to maintain competitive edge • Myth#4: people work for money
• What is the problem with Pay for Performance?
• Pay people well • Pay people fairly • Then do everything possible to take money off people’s minds ~Alfie Kohn