Motherboards Dezs Sima Spring 2007 Ver 2 1

Motherboards Dezső Sima Spring 2007 (Ver. 2. 1) Sima Dezső, 2007

Contents • 1. Predecessors • 2. Desktop motherboards • 2. 1 Overview • 2. 2 AT • 2. 3 Baby AT • 2. 4 LPX • 2. 5 ATX • 2. 6 NLX • 2. 7 BTX • 3. Server/workstation motherboards • 4. Overview of the evolution of motherboards

1. Predecessors

1. Predecessors (1) AT Designation Type 5150 1 IBM/PC-XT IBM/PC-AT 5160 Mod. 087 2 3 4 8088 4. 77 16 KB 64 KB Soldered+DIP no 5 1/4 no 5 - 3/83 8088 4. 77 128 KB 256 KB DIP no 5 1/4 360 K 10 MB 8 5 1/4 1. 2 M - 360 K 1/2 Chipset 6 256 KB 512 KB DIP no 5170 Mod. 099 8/84 80286 6 512 KB DIP no IBM/PC XT-286 2 8/81 Memory Type 80286 Mod. 339 1 Memory size Min. Max. Mhz on-board fc 8/84 Mod. 319 5162 4 3 4 HD No of ISA slots (standard) 8 -bit 16 -bit MB Proc. type 5170 Mod. 068 Mod. 239 FD (standard) Size KB Date of intro. Motherboard size Remarks inches mm - 8. 5"*12" 216*305 2 6 12"*13. 8" 305*350 Type 1 MOB 20 MB 2 6 12"*13. 8" 305*350 Type 1 MOB 10/85 80286 6 512 KB DIP no 3 720 K 30 MB 2 6 9. 3"*13. 8" 238*350 Type 2 MOB 4/86 80286 8 512 KB DIP no 3 1/2 1. 44 M 30 MB 2 6 9. 3"*13. 8" 238*350 Type 2 MOB 4/86 80286 8 512 KB DIP no 3 1/2 5 1/4 1. 44 M 30 MB 2 6 9. 3"*13. 8" 238*350 Type 2 MOB 5 8. 6"*13" 218*330 9/86 80286 6 640 KB DIP+SIPP/30 no 1. 2 M 20 MB 3 BASIC compiler in PROM, up to two optional 5 1/4 FD with 160 KB/diskette, the max. on-board memory was increased to 256 KB in 3/83. Several further models followed with enhanced features. Baby AT 84 -Key keyboard. 101 -Key keyboard. DIP: Dual in Iine Package SIPP: Single in Line Pinned Package Figure 1. 1: Main features of early IBM/PCs

1. Predecessors (2) ROM RAM 16 -64 kbyte or 64 -256 kbyte 5 x ISA/8 Casette Keyboard DMA vezérlő Parallel Intel 8088 I/O CPU PC 8087 arithm. proc. socket Figure 1. 2: The motherboard of the IBM PC Source: http: //www. tonh. net/museum/mobo/pccassif. html

1. Predecessors (3) DIP DIP Baby AT Figure 1. 3: Main features of early COMPAQ PCs

2. Main types of motherboards

2. Main types of motherboards 2. 1. Overview (1) AT 8/84 LPX 2 Enhanced version 1987 Chipsets ATX w/riser 5 NLX 4 11/96 12/99 Slim boxes Baby AT 1 ATX 3 Enhanced version ~1985 BTX 7 Efficient cooling 8/95 Value oriented micro. BTX 7 micro. ATX 6 1/98 Value oriented pico. BTX 7 9/03 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 1 Baby AT: Smaller board size through higher integrated components (chip sets) 2 Non-standardized slimline design with a central mounted riser card allowing 2 -3 expansion slots 3 Through better component arrangement reduced cost and EMI emission, integrated AGP (from version 2. 02 on) 4 Standardized, improved slimline design with an edge mounted riser card, integrated AGP 5 Low cost slimline ATX design by using a riser card with 2 -3 expansion slots 6 Reduced size low cost ATX design with up to four expansion slots In-line core layout to improve system cooling with scalable board dimensions 7 01 02 03 04 05 Figure 2. 1: Genealogy of major form factors

2. 1. Overview (2) PCI AT 8/84 LPX 2 ATX w/riser 5 NLX 4 1987 11/96 12/99 ATX 3 Baby AT ~1985 BTX 7 8/95 micro. BTX 7 micro. ATX 6 1/98 pico. BTX 7 9/03 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Figure 2. 2: Introducing new types of system architectures 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

ISA EISA 8. 33 MHz 8/16 -bit 8. 33 MHz 32 -bit 1987 88 89 PCI v. 2. 11 33 MHz 32 -bit 64 -bit 90 91 92 93 33/66 MHz 32/64 -bit 94 Figure 2. 3: Introducing the PCI bus 1995

2. 1. Overview (2) PCI AT HUB architecture 8/84 LPX ATX w/riser NLX 1987 11/96 Baby AT 12/99 ATX ~1985 BTX 8/95 micro. BTX micro. ATX 1/98 pico. BTX 9/03 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Figure 2. 2: Introducing new types of system architectures 00 01 02 03 04 05

PCI architecture HUB architecture P P System contr. MCH PCI Perif. contr. ICH ISA Figure 2. 4: Contrasting the PCI and the HUB architectures PCI

2. 1. Overview (3) SIMM/72 AT DDR DIMM/184 SDRAM DIMM/168 DDR 2 DIMM/240 8/84 LPX ATX w/riser NLX 1987 11/96 Baby AT 12/99 ATX ~1985 BTX 8/95 micro. BTX micro. ATX 1/98 pico. BTX 9/03 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 SIMM: Single in Line Memory Modul DIMM: Dual in Line Memory Modul Figure 2. 5: Introducing new types of memory modules 00 01 02 03 04 05

2. 1. Overview (4) DIPP SIMM-30 DIMM-72 DIMM-168 RIMM/184 Figure: Memory packages Source: Vikipedia

2. 1. Overview (5) Figure: Clocking schemes of the SDR, DDR and DDR 2 SDRAM techologies Source: Gavrichenkov I. , „DDR 2 vs. DDR: Revenge Gained, ” Xbit Laboratories, 12/17/2004, http: //www. xbitlabs. com/articles/memory/display/ddr 2 -ddr. html

2. 1. Overview (6) PCI AT ATA AGP USB LPC 8/84 LPX AC ‘ 97 ATX w/riser NLX 1987 11/96 Baby AT PCI-E SATA 12/99 ATX ~1985 BTX 8/95 micro. BTX micro. ATX 1/98 pico. BTX 9/03 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Figure 2. 6: Introducing new types of buses 99 00 01 02 03 04 05

2. 1. Overview (7) Date of intro. AT Type of strandard Typ. nr. of I/O-slots 8/84 Quasi-standard 8 Baby AT ~1985 Quasi-standard LPX (Western Digital) ~1987 NLX Typical board measures (W*D) inches mm Case 12"*13. 8" 305*350 Full AT, Full Tower 7/8 8. 6"*13" (~9"-13") 218*330 (~229 -330) Baby AT Quasi-standard 3/4 9"*13" (~9"-13") 229*330 (~229 -330) Slimline 11/96 Standard 3/4 (8"-9")*(10"-13. 6") (203 -229)*(254 -345) Slimline ATX 8/95 Standard 7 12"*9. 6" (~7"-9. 6") 305*244 (~178 -244) ATX Micro. ATX 1/98 Standard 4 9. 6"*9. 6" 244*244 Micro. ATX with riser 12/99 Standard 2/3 12"*9. 6" (~7"-9. 6") 305*244 (~178 -244) Slimline Micro. ATX with riser 12/99 Standard 2/3 9. 6"*9. 6" 244*244 Slimline BTX 9/03 Standard 7 12. 8"*10. 5" 325*267 BTX Micro. BTX 9/03 Standard 4 10. 4"*10. 5" 264*267 Micro. BTX Pico. BTX 9/03 Standard 1 8"*10. 5" 203*267 Pico. BTX W: Maximum allowable width D: Maximum allowable depth Figure 2. 7: Salient features of major form factors

2. 2. AT (1) 8/16 -bit ISA slots 305 DIPP CPU (286) KBD PC 350 Figure 2. 8: Layout of an AT-motherboard

2. 2. AT (2) DRAM 512 Kbyte 2 x 8 bit/ 5 x 16 bit ISA 8087 arithm. proc. socket Keyboard PC Intel 8088 CPU Figure 2. 9: The motherboard of the IBM PC/AT Source: http: //library. thinkquest. org/18268/photos. htm

2. 2. AT (3) This is a Western Digital Disk Drive Interface Card. This is a Case Interface, both parallel and serial. Figure 2. 10: Adapter cards of the IBM PC/AT Source: http: //library. thinkquest. org/18268/photos. htm

2. 3. Baby AT (1) KBD Power connector. PC 244 SIMM/30 8/16 -bit ISA slots L 2 cache DIPP CPU (386) 218 Figure 2. 11: Layout of an early Baby AT-motherboard

2. 3. Baby AT (2) KBD FD HD 230 PC PCI/32 slots SIMM/72 ISA/16 slots CPU (Pentium) L 2 cache 218 Figure 2. 12: Layout of a late Baby AT-motherboard

2. 3. Baby AT (3) 3 x PCI/32 PC System contr. 4 x SIMM/72 3 x ISA/16 FD L 2 CPU Periph. contr. IDE Figure 2. 13: Example: A Pentium-based late Baby AT-motherboard

2. 4. LPX (1) PCI/32 ISA/16 I/O connector s PC 330 Riser card HD FD RAM SIMM/72 CPU m Pentiu DIPP L 2 cache 229 Figure 2. 14: Layout of an LPX-motherboard

2. 4. LPX (2) Figure 2. 15: Example: A Pentium-based LPX-motherboard (The PB 680 from Packard Bell) source: http: //www. geocities. com/anotherpackardbellsite/en_pb_carte 680. htm#1

2. 5. ATX (1) 1 � Double-high expandable I/O Figure 2. 16: Layout principles of an ATX case Source: ATX Specification v. 2. 01, Source: http: //www. berkprod. com/docs/atx_201. pdf

MIDI/Game port USB VGA Line Out COM 1 Line In Mic In Figure 2. 17: Double height connectors of an ATX motherboard Source: ABIT SL 6 Users’s Manual http: //www. abit. com. tw PS/2 Mouse PS/2 Keyb.

2. 5. ATX (1) 1 � Double-high expandable I/O 2 � One chassis fan 3 �Processor located near power supply 7 �Six full-length slots 4 �One power connector 5 Connectors close to peripheral bays 6� Easy to access system memory Figure 2. 18: Layout principles of an ATX case Source: ATX Specification v. 2. 01, Source: http: //www. berkprod. com/docs/atx_201. pdf

2. 5. ATX (2) ATX Baby AT AT Figure 2. 19: Placement of the mounting holes on the AT, Baby AT, and ATX motherboards Source: ATX Specification v. 2. 01, Source: http: //www. berkprod. com/docs/atx_201. pdf

2. 5. ATX (3) Main types of ATX motherboards Early PCI-based Late PCI-based Early port-based Mature port-based Serial port-based Chipset 430 440 81 x/82 x 84 x/86 x 915 Processor Pentium. II/ Pentium. III (slot 1) Pentium. III Pentium 4 Prescott DIMM/184 DIMM/240 Typ. Memory I/O SIMM/72 DIMM/168 IDE/ATA USB AGP PCI-E Example

2. 5. ATX (4) Early port based Serial port based Mature port based Late PCI based AT 8/84 LPX 2 1987 11/96 Baby AT 1 85 12/99 ATX 3 ~1985 84 ATX w/riser 5 NLX 4 8/95 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Figure 2. 20: Main types of ATX motherboards 00 01 02 03 04 05

2. 5. ATX (5) USB I/O connector PC PC 186 Slot 1 (Pentium II/III) PCI/32 AGP DIMM/168 ISA/16 HD FD 305 Figure 2. 21: Layout of a late PCI-based ATX-motherboard

2. 5. ATX (6) 3 x ISA/16 4 x PCI/32 AGP ATX connectors CPU (Slot 1) System contr. PC 4 x DIMM/168 (SDRAM) BIOS Peripherial contr. Battery FD IDE Figure 2. 22: A late PCI-based motherboard for Pentium. IIs (MSI’s MS-6111) (Based on Intel’s 440 LX chipset for slot 1 processors (1997) Source: http: //www. msi. com. tw/program/support/download

2. 5. ATX (7) USB I/O connector CPU (Pentium III) PC PC 186 PCI/32 AGP DIMM/168 ISA/16 HD FD 305 Figure 2. 23: Layout of an early port based ATX-motherboard for Pentium III/Pentium 4 processors.

2. 5. ATX (8) CNR 5 x PCI/32 ATX connectors AGP PC MCH CPU Battery 3 x DIMM (SDRAM) BIOS ICH IDE FD Figure 2. 24: Early, port based ATX motherboard for Pentium IIIs (Abit’s SL 6) (based on Intel’s 815 chipset) Source: http: //www. abit-usa. com/products/mb

2. 5. ATX (9) 4 x PCI/32 AGP ATX connectors Battery CPU (P 4) BIOS 4 x DIMM/184 (DDR) ICH FD MCH PC IDE Fgure 2. 25: Mature port-based ATX motherboard for Pentium 4 processors (Intel’s D 865 PERL) Source: http: //www. intel. com/products/motherboard/d 865 perl/index. htm

2. 5. ATX (10) I/O connector PCI E. x 1 244 PCI/32 CPU (Pentium 4) PCI E. x 16 HD DIMM/168 SATA PC FD 305 Figure 2. 26: Layout of a serial-port based ATX-motherboard for Pentium 4 Prescott processors.

2. 5. ATX (11) PCI Ex 16 BIOS 2 x PCI Ex 1 MCH (915 P/G) 3 x PCI/32 P 4 Prescott Bat IDE RAID c. (VIA 6410) IHC 6/6 R 4 x DIMM/184/240 (DDR/DDR 2) 2 x USB Syst. monitoring 2 x. IDE 4 x SATA IDE PS FD Figure 2. 27: Serial port-based ATX-motherboard for Pentium 4 Prescotts (MSI’s 915 G Combo) http: //www. pricegrabber. com/search_getprod. php/masterid=3191326

2. 6. NLX (1) PCI/32 HD FD I/O connectors PC ISA/16 AGP Riser card 330 Slot 1 (Pentium II/III) SIMM/168 229 Figure 2. 28: Layout of an NLX-motherboard

2. 6. NLX (2) Figure 2. 29: View of an NLX-motherboard Source: Intel Corporation, Intel NLX Form Factor http: //www. intel. com

2. 7. BTX (1) Figure 2. 30: Overview of BTX-motherboard sizes Source: Shimpi A. L. , „Balanced Technology e. Xtended (BTX) Form Factor” Sept. 2003 http: //www. anandtech. com/

2. 7. BTX (2) I/O connector PCI E. x 1 H IC SATA HD PCI/32 267 PCI E. x 16 MCH FD DIPP/168 CPU (Pentium 4) PC 325 Figure 2. 31: Layout of a micro BTX-motherboard

2. 7. BTX (3) ATX connectors PC PCI-X/64 ICH PCI IDE 4 x DIMM/168 MCH FD CPU Figure 2. 32: A micro BTX-motherboard (Intel’s D 915 GMH) http: //www. intel. com/design/motherbd/mh

2. 7. BTX (4) Figure 2. 33: Temperature distribution in the example motherboard Source: Shimpi A. L. , „Balanced Technology e. Xtended (BTX) Form Factor” Sept. 2003 http: //www. anandtech. com/

3. Server/workstation motherboards

3. Server/workstation motherboards (1) Figure 3. 1: Block diagram of a serial port-based entry level server motherboard ( P 8 SCT) Source: http: //www. supermicro. com/products/motherboard/P 4/E 7221/P 8 SCT. cfm

3. Server/workstation motherboards (2) IDE PCI-X 64 bit 4 x DIMM 2 x Gb. E ATX connectors PCI MCH E 7221 ICH IPMI CPU IDE Figure 3. 2: Example: A P 4 -based ATX-board for entry-level servers (The P 8 SCT from Supermicro) Source: http: //www. supermicro. com/products/motherboard/P 4/E 7221/P 8 SCT. cfm

3. Server/workstation motherboards (3) IPMI: Intelligent Platform Management Interface (Intel, HP, DELL, NEC) • Set of common hardware and firmware interfaces to manage the system remotely • Operates independently of the OS • Operates even in the absence of the OS or if the monitored system is not powered on • Alerts can be sent out via a serial or LAN connection to a remote client (from v. 1. 5 on) • It allows to query platform status, to review hardware logs, etc. IPMI consists of a main controller, called BMC (Baseboard Management Controller) and other satellite controllers.

3. Server/workstation motherboards (4) Remote Mgmt. Card MODEM / Serial LAN ICMB Bridge Controller “sideband” Mgmt Netwk Ctrlr RS-232 Baseboard SMBus/PCI Mgmt. Bus Mgmt. Controller I 2 C/SMBus (BMC) PCI Baseboard Satellite Mgmt. Controller IPMB (I 2 C) SENSORs & control circuitry NV Store SDR, SEL, FRU System Interface System Bus IPMI Messages Figure 3. 2: IPMI Architecture Source: http: //www. intel. com/design/servers/ipmi sensors & control circuitry I 2 C / SMBus Aux. IPMB FRU SEEPROM Chassis

3. Server/workstation motherboards (5) Figure 3. 3: Blockdiagram of a serial port based DP-server (Intel’s SE 7525 GP 2) Source: http: //www. intel. com/products/server/motherboard

3. Server/workstation motherboards (6) ICH HW management PCI-X 64 -bit IDE PRO/1000 server adapter PCI Expr. x 8 PCI Expr. x 16 MCH (I 7525) Registered ECC DDR Dual Processor ATX connectors Figure 3. 4: Serial port based DP-server board of ATX style (Intel’s SE 7525 GP 2) Source: http: //www. intel. com/products/server/motherboard

4. Overview of the evolution of motherboards

4. Overview of the evolution of motherboards (1) On card 1 On-board 2 By the chipset Examples: VGA controller IDE/ATA controller 1 2 On an ISA/PCI adapter card By dedicated controller chips on the motherboard Figure 4. 1: Evolution of the implementation of I/O controllers

4. Overview of the evolution of motherboards (2) ATX w/riser ~2000 NLX ~1997 Form factors of announced motherboards LPX ~1987 AT ATX 8/84 ~1996 Baby AT ~1985 micro. ATX ~1998 BTX micro. BTX pico. BTX ˇ~2004 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 Figure 4. 2: Estimated use of form factors in announced motherboards 03 04 05

4. Overview of the evolution of motherboards (3) Figure 4. 3: Estimated use of supported processor types in announced motherboards

4. Overview of the evolution of motherboards (4) ATX w/riser ~2000 NLX ~1997 LPX ~1987 AT Formfactors of announced motherboards ATX 8/84 ~1996 Baby AT ~1985 micro. ATX ~1998 BTX micro. BTX pico. BTX ˇ~2004 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 06 05 07 DRAM 1981 FPM ~1987 EDO DRAM technology and packaging 1995 SDRAM ~1996 RDRAM DIPP 1981 2000 DDR SIPP/30 2000 DDR 2 ~1983 2004 SIMM/30 ~1984 DDR 3 2007 FB-DIMM SIMM/72 ~1989 2007 DIMM/168 1995 DIMM/184 2000 DIMM/240 2004 Figure 4. 4: Estimated use of DRAM technology and packaging style in announced motherboards

4. Overview of the evolution of motherboards (5) Figure 4. 5: Estimated I/O-support in announced motherboards