Morphology Compounding and derivation Compounds of different categories

Morphology Compounding and derivation

Compounds of different categories N+N A+N P+N V+N apron string, kitchen towel, bathroom, police car high school, smallpox, dimwit, greenbelt overdose, underdog, afterthought, uptown swearword, rattlesnake, whetstone, scrubwoman N+A A+A P+A V+A headstrong, honey-sweet, skin-deep, nationwide red-hot, worldy-wise, widespread overabundant, underripe, underprivileged --- N+V A+V P+V V+V colour-code, breast-feed, chain-smoke, pan-fry sharpshoot, dry-clean, whitewash outperform, underfeed, overreact stirfry

An arbitrary lexical gap in English: V-A compounds fonkel. V-nieuw. A shine new ‘brand new’ druip. V-nat. A drip wet ‘soaking wet’ (Dutch)

Heads of compounds Right-hand Head Rule The head of a compound is its right-hand member. Not universal: matang-lawin eyes hawk ‘hawkeyes’ lasang-isda tasting fish ‘fishy-tasting’ (Tagalog) timbre poste stamp postage ‘postage stamp’ bleu ciel blue sky ‘sky blue’ (French)

Exocentric compounds Compounds without a head: sabretooth redneck skinhead (a type of animal, not a type of tooth) (a type of person, not a type of neck) (a type of person, not a type of head)

Compound stress in English On the left-hand member: kítchen towel báthroom whítewash héadstrong

Synthetic compounds Compounds that only show up in combination with derivation: truck-driv-er, dish-wash-er, blue-eye-ed, fair-skin-ed *to truck-drive, *to dish-wash *She truckdrives all day long while he dishwashes. *his blue-eyes

What is the head of a derived word? I The free morpheme? concern. N - unconcern. N match. N - rematch. N tie. V – untie. V paint. V – repaint. V happy. A – unhappy. A

What is the head of a derived word? II The affix? to swim. V – swim-er. N to sing. V – sing-er. N solid. A – solid-ify. V glory. N – glory-ify. V to do. V – do-able. A to dispense. V – dispense-able. A

What is the head of a derived word? III Does the Right-hand Head Rule hold for derived words as well? Maybe. Although: throne. N – de-throne. V slave. N – en-slave. V cloud. N – be-cloud. V

Class I versus Class II affixes Some affixes are stress-attracting: sólid – solíd-ify íllustrate – illustrát-ion grammátical – grammaticál-ity jústify – justifý-able Others are stress-neutral: stándard – stándard-ize defénsive – defénsive-ness pénny – pénny-less grammátical – un-grammátical

Rule ordering? attachment of class-I affixes stress rules attachment of class-II affixes express-ion. I-less. II reason-able. I-ness. II *fear-less. II-ity. I *tender-ness. II-ify. I But: develop-ment. II-al. I

Allomorphy The same morpheme can have different shapes. Stem allomorphy: index indic-es Affix allomorphy: work-er translate-or drive-er instruct-or

The base of a derived word need not be an independently existing word. spiritual – spiritual-ist-ic surreal – surreal-ist-ic cannibal – #cannibal-ist – cannibal-ist-ic character – #character-ist – character-ist-ic