Morphemes English 306 A Harris 1 Suffix A

Morphemes English 306 A; Harris 1

Suffix A little Persian danai xubi daro. Sti bozorgi Sirini English 306 A; Harris Morpheme {-i} 2

Suffix A little Persian Morpheme {-i} Noun Former Persian English dana wise danai wisdom xub good xubi goodness daro. St thick daro. Sti thickness bozorg big bozorgi size Sirin sweet Sirini sweetness English 306 A; Harris 3

Suffix A little Persian Morpheme {-i} Noun Former Simplex Complex adjective —> [adjective-affix]noun Noun Adjective Adj Af Sirin sweet Sirini Noun Adj Af sweetness English 306 A; Harris 4

The smallest signifier/signified bundles {un-} Antonym former {re-} Iterative former {draw} Verb, to make representative marks {-s} Third-singular-present agreement former {-ing} Present-participle former English 306 A; Harris 5

Homophony/Polysemy But, it’s not a piece of cake {-ing} Present-participle former “Oriana is drawing the cat” {-ing} Gerund former “Oriana’s drawing of the cat is beautiful. ” {-ing} Adjective former “Oriana’s drawing chalk is the white one” English 306 A; Harris 6

English {-er} farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer, printer, … Agentive Londoner, Winnipeger, … Locative 1 (geographic) villager, foreigner, … Locative 2 (type) printer, toaster, heater, freezer, … Instrumental page-turner, reader, drawer, … Patient chatter, mutter, flicker, … Frequentive triple-decker, porker, … Other English 306 A; Harris 7

Radial network English -er m ap ho r et ap et ho r inv er sio n m generalization specialization ? English 306 A; Harris 8

Productivity The relative ability to produce new words. -er farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser, sleeper, weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber, butcher, baker, candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter, ludniffer, … aasexual, amoral, achromatic, …? English 306 A; Harris 9

Productivity petroleum, Petrocanda™, petrochemical, petrodollars, petropolitics, … -cast broadcast, telecast, newscast, sportscast, podcast, … English 306 A; Harris 10

Productivity cranberry, cran-apple, crancherry, cran-grape, cranraspberry, crangerine, cranmango, … huckleberry raspberry English 306 A; Harris 11

Signifier Semasiology Signified Onomasiology What Bound! type is Morpheme form {-i}? free (= Derivational! word) bound (= affix) prefix suffix infix circumfix Morpheme function Noun adjective Af derivational change meaning dramatically, and/or word category inflectional xubi English 306 A; Harris never change category, and only change meaning very subtly 12

Signifier Semasiology Signified Onomasiology Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix) prefix suffix infix circumfix Morpheme function Noun adjective Af derivational change meaning dramatically, and/or word category inflectional xubi never change category, and only change meaning very subtly adjective [adjective-i]noun English 306 A; Harris 13

Affix rules New prefix Af Old oldcategory [affix-oldcategory]newcategory aooooo New suffix oldcategory [oldcategory-affix]newcategory Old Af oooa New infix oldcategory [old-affix- category]newcategory Af Old ooaoo circumfix oldcategory [af-oldcategory-fix]newcategory English 306 A; Harris New Af Old Af 14 aooooa

Compounds Morphological analysis Noun Adjective Noun blackboard English 306 A; Harris 15

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Noun? Verb? Adjective? Adverb? Preposition? Determiner? Qualifier? Quantifier? Who cares? ? fly English 306 A; Harris 16

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Noun fly English 306 A; Harris 17

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Verb fly English 306 A; Harris 18

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Adjective fly English 306 A; Harris 19

Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis ? ? Af flies English 306 A; Harris 20

Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis Noun Af Plural flies English 306 A; Harris 21

Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis Verb Af flies English 306 A; Harris 3 rd singular present agreement 22

Bound morpheme (necessarily, with a free one too) Morphological analysis Adjective Af flies English 306 A; Harris 23

Free morpheme Morphological analysis Adjective Af flier English 306 A; Harris ? Adjective Af fliest 24 ?

Optionality optionality English 306 A; Harris 25

Optionality Noun optionality English 306 A; Harris 26

Optionality Noun Adj Af optionality English 306 A; Harris 27

Optionality Noun Adj Noun Af Af optionality English 306 A; Harris 28

Optionality Noun Adj Noun Verb Af Af Af optionality English 306 A; Harris 29

Optionality Noun Adj Noun Verb Af Af Af optionality English 306 A; Harris 30

Roots and stems optionality root English 306 A; Harris 31

Ainu (Japan) haparu = soft ehaparu = to be unable to endure ni. Ste eni. Ste = hard = to be able to endure pirka epirka wen ewen = = good to gain bad to lose English 306 A; Harris 32

adjective —> [e-adjective]verb {e-} verb former 1. Stative have adjectival quality 2. Active change towards state described by adjective English 306 A; Harris 33

Ainu (Japan) Verb Af Adjective e pirka English 306 A; Harris 34

Bontoc (Philippines) kumilad = he is becoming red fumusul = he is becoming an enemy fikas = strong fumikas = he is becoming strong What’s he fusul = enemy bato = stone reading? bumato = he is becoming hard kilad = red English 306 A; Harris 35

Bontoc (Philippines) kumilad = he is becoming red {-um-} third-person he, not I or you singular he, not they masculine he, not she or it inchoative becoming verb-former is; state change English 306 A; Harris 36

Bontoc (Philippines) Verb Adjective Af k um ilad English 306 A; Harris 37

Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakas cow bu. Ru donkey nwakas my cow mbu. Ru my donkey wjakas his cow bju. Ru his donkey pama clothes kama cornfield mpama my clothes Nkama my cornfield pjama his clothes kjama his cornfield English 306 A; Harris 38

Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakas cow bu. Ru donkey nwakas my cow mbu. Ru my donkey wjakas his cow bju. Ru his donkey pama clothes kama cornfield mpama my clothes Nkama my cornfield pjama his clothes kjama his cornfield English 306 A; Harris 39

Morphophonology Zoque possessives wakas cow bu. Ru donkey nwakas my cow mbu. Ru my donkey wjakas his cow bju. Ru his donkey pama clothes kama cornfield mpama my clothes Nkama my cornfield pjama his clothes kjama his cornfield English 306 A; Harris 40

Morphology Zoque possessives {-j- } third-person singular masculine possessive English 306 A; Harris 41

Morphology Zoque possessives b j u. Ru English 306 A; Harris 42

Morphology noun —> [n-j-oun]noun Noun Af b j u. Ru English 306 A; Harris 43

Morphophonology Zoque possessives {m-}, {n-}, {N-} first-person singular possessive English 306 A; Harris 44

Morphophonology Zoque possessives Noun Af Noun Assimilation in place of articulation n wakas m pama English 306 A; Harris N kama 45

Morphology Semasiological break • free (word) • bound (affix) unbreakable Onomasiological • derivational (new word) breakable • inflectional (new function) breaks Rules verb [verb-affix]adjective Structures Productivity breakable, lovable, knowable, movable, singable, blorkable, … Adj V Af breakable English 306 A; Harris 46