More Discussion on Nanotechnology Applications Nanotechnology RD impacts

More Discussion on Nanotechnology Applications Nanotechnology R&D impacts many industries • Electronics • Materials • Health/Biotech • Chemical • Environmental • Energy • Aerospace • Automotive • Security • Forest products • Instrumentation

Making Smaller An Example: Electronics-Microprocessors microscale nanoscale macroscale ibm. com

Electronics Keep On Getting Better Moore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip intel. com

Specialized Nano-Coatings Inframat hardened coatings for Navy high-wear parts Self-cleaning surfaces - like a Lotus leaf (ultrahydrophobic) Biocompatible coatings for long lasting orthopedic joints

Nano for Regenerative Medicine

Super Adhesives Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair Nature 405, 681 -685 (8 June 2000) Microfabricated Adhesive Mimicking Gecko Foot-Hair Nature Materials 2, 461 -463 (2003)

Solar Cells and Integration of Nanotechnology • Organic/Inorganic solar cells • Silicon solar cells are most common and efficient right now. • Reflection of incoming light is a big natural limitation for efficiency. Evergreen Solar, Inc. Marlboro, MA Konarka

Typical P-N Junction Silicon Solar Cell Structure REFLECTION! Sunlight Top side metallization grid Anti-reflection coating 0. 5 µm Average phosphorus~1018 cm-3 n+ emitter p base ~100 -300 µm Boron~1016 cm-3 Optional p+ back surface diffusion Back side metallization

Anti-Reflection Conditions Incident wave R 1 R 2 n 0 n 1 n 2 Transmitted wave

Pattern Transfer by Etching (Tunable Anti. Reflective Coating) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20. 6. , Nov. Dec 2002 Can work as an antireflective coating! Moth Eye UMASS NNIN. ORG

Other Nano-Solar Cells Nano solar cells mixed in plastic could be painted on buses, roofs, and clothing! ] 200 nm Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in semiconducting polymer, sandwiched between two electrodes Source: http: //www. berkeley. edu/news/media/releases/2002/03/28_solar. html

Flat Panel Displays, Colorants, Smart Papers…(Photonic Crystals) Reflection from butterfly wings and beetle’s exocuticle PHYSICAL REVIEW E 74, 021922 2006 2 April 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 4351

Disease Detection (Using Quantum Dots) Nanogold Gold Color ? Quantum dots glow in UV light – Injected in mice, collect in tumors – Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals that contain free electrons and emit photons when submitted to UV light Sources: http: //vortex. tn. tudelft. nl/grkouwen/qdotsite. html http: //www. whitaker. org/news/nie 2. html Early tumor detection, studied in mice

Some resources on nano applications The Woodrow Wilson Center consumer product inventory http: //www. nanotechproject. org/index. php? id=44&action=intro The Nano 50 awards http: //www. nanotechbriefs. com/nano 50_winners. html Small Times magazine http: //www. smalltimes. com/