MORE COLD WAR MORE COLD WAR MORE COLD

MORE COLD WAR

MORE COLD WAR

MORE COLD WAR

Samantha Stevens Serena -->

Jeanie Sister Jeanie

The Two Khrushchevs Reformer? Hard Liner?

The Friendly Khrushchev DOMESTIC POLICY A. De-Stalinization * 20 th Party Congress * “the Secret Speech” * Denounced Stalin! * Stalin’s body removed from red square

The Friendly Khrushchev DOMESTIC POLICY B. REFORMS * Dismantled Gulags * Rehabilitation * Liberalized government.

The Friendly Khrushchev FOREIGN POLICY A. “Peaceful Coexistence” * Competition between Systems. * Visited U. S. * “the Kitchen Debate” Ok, there IS no B : (

The Friendly Khrushchev FOREIGN POLICY A. “Peaceful Coexistence” * Competition between Systems. * Visited U. S. * “the Kitchen Debate” Ok, there IS no B : (

The OTHER Khrushchev “We will crush you!” Third World Revolution

The OTHER Khrushchev “We will crush you!” Third World Revolution Technology: Sputnik - Space Race

Sputnik! The Space Race

The OTHER Khrushchev “We will crush you!” Third World Revolution Technology: ICBMs - Missile Gap Sputnik - Space Race

I. C. B. M. s The Missile Gap!!!

I. C. B. M. s The Missile Gap!!! THE REALITY: US – 300 ICBMs , - Polaris Fleet USSR – 10 ICBMs, - 100 s short range

The OTHER Khrushchev “We will crush you!” Third World Revolution Technology: ICBMs - Missile Gap Sputnik - Space Race

Don’t Forget This. . . Precarious Position. He’s got to watch his back. Old Guard - Hard Liners “Too Much Too Fast!” Sometimes. . . It’s not about us.

Berlin Wall AUGUST 13, 1961

Cuban Missile Crisis October 14, 1962 Recon Planes Report October 22, 1962. Blockade, DEFCON 3 OCTOBER 28, the Soviets “blink”

EASTERN EUROPE Poland / Hungary / Czechoslovakia

Poland 1956 I. Popular Uprising Poznan Hardliner Polish Government Represses II. Gomulka Communist leader 1956 - 1970 Gomulka becomes Party Secretary Promises Reforms “Polish Way toward Socialism”

III. Soviet Response? A. B. Troop Maneuvers on the border A “visit”

III. Soviet Response? Khrushchev Gomulka Backs down, Khrushchev backs off

Hungary 1956 I. New Reform Government (late October) II. Popular Movement (inspired by Poland)

HUNGARY 1956 Imry Nagy /NAHJD/ New Hungarian Communist leader 1953 -55, 1956 (Prime Minister) Reform Minded: - appointed non-communist ministers - abolished one-party rule - political prisoners released

HUNGARY 1956 Imry Nagy /NAHJD/ New Hungarian Communist leader 1953 -55, 1956 (Prime Minister) The Last Straw 11/01/56 - U. N. suggested neutrality - out of the Warsaw Pact

Soviet Response? Soviet Tanks Roll in 11/04/56

11/04 to 11/10 2, 500 killed

Nagy’s Fate? Arrested, Tried, Hanged 1958 “Rehabilitated” in ‘ 89

WHY Didn’t We do something? Gammel Nasser EGYPT 1. Aswan High Dam 2. Suez Canal Crisis Egypt vs England / France

Czechoslovakia 1968

1964: Khrushchev is ousted Leonid Breznev Old Guard Stagnation. Military Spend ing

Alexander Dubcek 1 st Secretary of the Communist Party Action Programme “Socialism with a human face” Free Press, Consumer Goods

Alexander Dubcek 1 st Secretary of the Communist Party Action Programme “PRAGUE SPRING” Democratization De-Centralization

Soviet Response? 200, 000 - 600, 000 Warsaw Pact troops

Brezhnev The Brezhnev Doctrine?

1968 to 1989 Stasis. . . And then all heck breaks loose

TWO factors contributed to the “Velvet Revolutions” of ‘ 89

I. Gorbachev

II. Tiananmen Square Massacre 100, 000 March 5, 000–ish killed

1989: First Wave • Poland: – April: Solidarity Legalized / participate in elections Lech Walesa Solidarity

1989: First Wave Pope John Paul II Lech Walesa Solidarity

1989: First Wave • Poland: – April: Solidarity Legalized / participate in elections – June: 99/100 seats and the Presidency – New Non-Communist Government? ? ?

1989: First Wave • Poland: – April: Solidarity Legalized / participate in elections – June: 99/100 seats and the Presidency – New Non-Communist Government? ? ? • Hungary – Parliament adopts reforms ? ? – Communist Party renames to Socialist Party – Opens border with Austria

GERMANY Re. Unification

East Germany Erich Honecker – General Secretary – Chairman of the National Defense Council – 1971 to 1989

East Germany • 50, 000 East Germans flee by Sept. ‘ 89 • Mass Exodus by November • September: GDR cuts travel to Hungary!!

East GERMANY October • GDR cuts travel to Hungary (late September) • GDR cuts travel to Czech – Last way out? ? • Gorby Visits: – “He who is too late, is punished for life” • Mass Demonstrations!!! – “we want out!” became “We’re staying here!” – 1, 000 gather in East Berlin • Ruling Party ejects Honecker

November - New government plans to ease travel restrictions - TV Press conference 11/09/89 at 6: 53 pm - When will it be enforced? ? - "Well, as far as I can see, . . . straightaway, immediately. " East GERMANY

November • Bum Rush the Checkpoints – 10, 000 s • No instructions to Border Guards? ? – Frantic phone calls – No orders? East GERMANY

November • Bum Rush the Checkpoints – 10, 000 s • No instructions to Border Guards? ? – Frantic phone calls – No orders? Nov 9, 1989 10: 30 p. m. Guards Open Border! Mass movement - greeted by Westerners East GERMANY

GERMANY • Officially Unified 10 / 3 / 1990

GERMANY • Officially Unified • 10 / 3 / 90

Helmut Kohl German Chancellor 1982 -1998

1989: They Just Keep Coming • Czechoslovakia: Velvet Revolution – Nov: 200, 000+ protestors – 11/28: Communist Party Steps down • Elections – Vaclav Haval elected President – Alexander Dubceck elected to Parliament • Bulgaria – – Nov: Politburo ousts commie leader Feb: Party voluntarily gives up power Moderate wing renames itself Socialist Party Wins election

Romania • Nicolae Ceausescu • General Secretary • 1965 – 1989

• Revolts break out • Spreads to Bucharest (100, 000+)

Dec 21 Army Fires on Crowd

Dec 21 Army Fires on Crowd. . . But not all of them : )

Dec 21 - Dec 25 Civil War in the Streets 1000+ died Ceausescu “arrested” December 23

So what happened to the Dictator?

Shot on Christmas Day