Moon Farside PROTECTION Moon Village and PAC Protected

Moon Farside PROTECTION, Moon Village, and «PAC» (Protected Antipode Circle) Claudio Maccone Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF-IASF Milano) Director for Scientific Space Exploration, Int’l Acad. Astronautics, Chair of the SETI Permanent Committee of the IAA, Paris. E-mail : clmaccon@libero. it Home Page : www. maccone. com SETI INAF Meeting Osservatorio di Monte Mario, Roma, 25 sett. 2019

Per i radioastronomi la nuova corsa alla Luna potrebbe aprire nuove possibilità di studio dell’universo, spiega a Media Inaf Nichi D’Amico, presidente dell’Istituto nazionale di astrofisica: Un radiotelescopio sulla faccia nascosta della Luna sarebbe schermato dal rumore elettromagnetico che generiamo sulla Terra, e potrebbe effettuare osservazioni a larga banda dell’universo senza precedenti» .

HISTORY Celestial Mechanics about 1750 through 1950

Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (1735 – 1813) In 1772 Joseph-Louis Lagrange published his “Essay on the three bodies problem”, in which he derived the existence of the two triangular (gravitationally stable) points L 4 and L 5 in addition to L 1, L 2, L 3. The three (gravitationally unstable) colinear points L 1, L 2, and L 3 had been discovered mathematically a few years earlier by Leonhard EULER (1707 – 1783)

FIVE Earth-Moon Lagrangian Points :

HISTORY 1974 First ideas about PROTECTING the RADIO-QUIET FARSIDE by ITU = The International Telecommunication Union

ITU Shielded Zone of the Moon ITU Radio Regulations Article S 22 If this is 100, 000 km orbit Then this is the ITU Shielded Zone of the Moon

QUIET CONE above the Farside It depends on height of communication satellites around the Earth

HISTORY 10 th June 2010 Claudio Maccone presents PAC (Protected Antipode Circle) at United Nations COPUOS

PAC: Protected Antipode Circle. It is a circular piece of land, 1820 km = 1131 miles across in diameter along the Moon surface on the Farside of the Moon. We propose it to be reserved for scientific purposes only. PAC is tangent to two Parallels: ± 30° in latitude, North and South. At the center of PAC is the Antipode of the Earth (on the equator and at 180 deg in longitude). Near to the Antipode is crater Daedalus, an 80 km crater proposed by the author in 2005 as the best location for the future Lunar Farside Radio Lab. Inside Daedalus, the expected attenuation of the man-made RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) coming from the Earth is of the order of 100 d. B or higher.

Three Zones On Farside “Sharing The Farside By Thirds”

Daedulus Crater proposed by Maccone • Formerly I. A. U. Crater No. 308 100 km crater located in between 101° E and 105° E and 2° of latitude South • 179 degrees east longitude • 5. 5 degrees south latitude • 80 km diameter • It is proposed as IDEAL VENUE to set up a PHASED ARRAY for all kinds of RADIOASTRONOMY

Salvo Pluchino : RFI ATTENUATION at Daedalus Crater (~ Antipode) Frequency of radio waves Source in GEO Source in an orbit passing through the L 1 point Source still at L 4 or L 5 Lagrangian points f = 100 k. Hz f = 100 MHz f = 100 GHz - 42 d. B - 72 d. B - 102 d. B - 30 d. B - 60 d. B - 90 d. B - 29 d. B - 59 d. B - 89 d. B

Salvo Pluchino : RFI ATTENUATION at Daedalus Crater (~ Antipode) Origin of radio waves Radio frequency f Source in GEO Source in orbit at L 1 distance Source still at L 4 or L 5 ELF 0. 003 MHz -27 d. B -15 d. B -14 d. B VLF 0. 030 MHz -37 d. B -25 d. B -23 d. B Jupiter’s storm 20 MHz -65 d. B -53 d. B -52 d. B Deuterium 327. 384 MHz -77 d. B -65 d. B -64 d. B Hydrogen 1420. 406 MHz -84 d. B -71 d. B -70 d. B Hydroxyl radical 1612. 231 MHz -84 d. B -72 d. B -71 d. B Formaldehyde 4829. 660 MHz -89 d. B -77 d. B -75 d. B Methanol 6668. 518 MHz -90 d. B -78 –d. B -77 d. B Water vapor 22. 235 GHz -96 d. B -83 d. B -82 d. B Silicon monoxide 42. 519 GHz -98 d. B -86 d. B -85 d. B Carbon monoxide 109. 782 GHz -103 d. B -90 d. B -89 d. B Water vapor 183. 310 GHz -105 d. B -92 d. B -91 d. B

POLITICS: Space Competition • “Moon Rush 2018”: China, USA, Russia, Japan, India, Europe and possibly more countries… • Chang’e 4 (launch in December 2018) aims at water near the South Pole. It will land inside Von Kármán crater (IAU 434), old crater on Moon Farside. South Pole Aitken Basin

2018 Chinese-Dutch space mission to the Earth-Moon Lagrangian point L 2 ABOVE the FARSIDE (~ 60, 000 km) Netherlands-China Low-frequency Explorer (NCLE) instrument and its three 5 -meter antennas for the Queqiao, Chang'e-4 lunar relay satellite

COSMOLOGY: Netherlands-China Lowfrequency Explorer (NCLE) instrument with three 5 -meter antennas for Queqiao

The Netherlands-China Low-Frequency Explorer (NCLE), is a low-frequency radio experiment for the Chinese Chang'e 4 mission that was successfully launched on May 20, 2018 (May 21 at 5: 28 a. m. in China) and is NOW in a Lissajous orbit around the Earth-Moon L 2 point since 2018. NCLE is considered a pathfinder mission for a future low-frequency space-based or moon-based radio interferometer which has the detection and tomography of the 21 -cm Hydrogen line emission from the Dark Ages period as its principal science objective.

Low-frequency radio astronomy, i. e. below ~30 MHz, can only be done well from space due to the cutoff in the Earth's ionosphere, the man-made RFI noise that make sensitive measurement from ground-based facilities impossible. At the Earth-Moon L 2 point NCLE will be outside the Earth's ionosphere and relatively far away from terrestrial interference, which, however, will still be detectable. As the Earth will always be in sight, one can measure and quantify this emission for the first time since 50 years and with unprecedented quality.

This will allow us not only to study the radio- and plasma physics of the earth-moon system, but also to explore mitigation and calibration techniques for exploring radio emission from the early universe and compare it with measurements made in true lunar farside locations made by future (Chinese) Lunar Lander missions. NCLE Principal Investigator is Heino Falcke.

POLITICS and the PAC CREATION • The “Outer Space Treaty” was signed in 1967. • NO COUNTRY can “colonize” the Moon, Planets and Asteroids for that Country only! • Back in 1967, however, it was hard to envisage a time when PRIVATE INVESTORS could reach the Moon by their own means. • So no-one knows what will happen when some PRIVATE INVESTORS LAND ON THE MOON…

“We have money… …and pollute as we please” • Will private investors stay away from the PAC? • Almost certainly NOT! • It is thus URGENT to reach some kind of INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT. • (The U. N. COPUOS should APPROVE the PAC).

Joseph Silk in NATURE, 4 Jan. 2018

MUCH SILENCE STILL IS THERE • The Queqiao FREQUENCIES shouldn’t be many. • If China wants, a radio telescope inside Daedalus would still be of great benefit to radio astronomy. • These matters are LEGALLY UNCERTAIN… • NEGOTIATIONS ARE URGENT among Scientists and Space “Politicians”

Thank you