MONSOONS AND OCEAN CURRENTS Summer NH Wet Monsoon

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MONSOONS AND OCEAN CURRENTS

MONSOONS AND OCEAN CURRENTS

Summer (NH) Wet Monsoon Continent Ocean Hottest to south L Ocean Equator

Summer (NH) Wet Monsoon Continent Ocean Hottest to south L Ocean Equator

Winter (NH) Dry Monsoon H Coldest to north Ocean Continent Ocean Equator

Winter (NH) Dry Monsoon H Coldest to north Ocean Continent Ocean Equator

Asian Summer Monsoon

Asian Summer Monsoon

Average Surface Pressure and Wind in July

Average Surface Pressure and Wind in July

Asian Winter Monsoon

Asian Winter Monsoon

Average Surface Pressure and Wind in January

Average Surface Pressure and Wind in January

Winter Monsoon Summer Monsoon

Winter Monsoon Summer Monsoon

GLOBAL TOPOGRAPHY

GLOBAL TOPOGRAPHY

Mean Monthly Rainfall Cherrapunji, India 38. 6 FEET of rain (Charlottesville = 44 inches)

Mean Monthly Rainfall Cherrapunji, India 38. 6 FEET of rain (Charlottesville = 44 inches)

Some Other Monsoonal Regions

Some Other Monsoonal Regions

Some Other Monsoonal Regions (Chap. 10, pp. 278– 281) (Chap. 9, pp. 251– 253)

Some Other Monsoonal Regions (Chap. 10, pp. 278– 281) (Chap. 9, pp. 251– 253)

Heat Capacity Heat capacity = heat absorbed/temperature change Ocean Water = 1 Continent Soil

Heat Capacity Heat capacity = heat absorbed/temperature change Ocean Water = 1 Continent Soil = 0. 2

Heat Capacity Heat capacity = heat absorbed/temperature change Heat Capacity of Water = 1

Heat Capacity Heat capacity = heat absorbed/temperature change Heat Capacity of Water = 1 (1 calorie of heat is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C) Ocean Continent Oceans warm up and cool off slower than adjacent continents.

New Jersey Max Temp Kansas Max Temp Effect of Isolation from Oceans

New Jersey Max Temp Kansas Max Temp Effect of Isolation from Oceans

Effect of Isolation from Oceans San Diego, CA

Effect of Isolation from Oceans San Diego, CA

(“Specific Heat” is heat capacity per unit mass)

(“Specific Heat” is heat capacity per unit mass)

Ekman Spiral Surface water moves at 45 degree angle to prevailing wind

Ekman Spiral Surface water moves at 45 degree angle to prevailing wind

Subtropical Anticyclones mean surface wind-driven ocean currents

Subtropical Anticyclones mean surface wind-driven ocean currents

Ocean Currents 60°N C O N T I N E N T L 30°N

Ocean Currents 60°N C O N T I N E N T L 30°N H Eq. L 30°S H warm current C O N T I N E N T cold current

Ocean Currents red = warm current blue = cold current

Ocean Currents red = warm current blue = cold current

Average sea-surface temp. (°C) (SST) SST variation from latitude average (Chap. 10, pp. 278–

Average sea-surface temp. (°C) (SST) SST variation from latitude average (Chap. 10, pp. 278– 281)

Quick Summary—Monsoons and Ocean Currents: • Monsoonal climates have major seasonal shifts in the

Quick Summary—Monsoons and Ocean Currents: • Monsoonal climates have major seasonal shifts in the prevailing wind direction • These wind shifts are driven by seasonal heating and cooling of land resulting pressure pattern changes • warm season = wet monsoon (low pressure) • cool season = dry monsoon (high pressure) • Surface ocean currents move about 45 degrees from prevailing surface wind direction • Currents circulate in closed loops (“gyres”) • Ocean currents moving poleward are warm currents • Ocean currents moving equatorward are cold currents