Monotheist Religions and Democratic Ideals Judaism Christianity and

Judaism l Hebrews: the people who came to be known later as Jewish ●

Judaism The world’s first Monotheistic religion: l Monotheism: Belief in and worship of only

Judaism l Prophet Abraham: 2000 BC begins the Jewish faith Judaism : first religion

Judaism l Preached: each person had dignity and worth based on the fact they

Judaism l Greeks and Romans: believed people had dignity and worth only if they

Hebrew Code l Laws that govern the Jewish faith Focused on the demand of

Prophets l They emerged in the 8 th Century BC l Jewish people believed

Christianity l l Jesus of Nazareth: born sometime between 6 -4 BC Both a

Jesus of Nazareth l Stressed the importance of loving one’s neighbor; treating them as

Jesus Christ l Upon his death he became known as Jesus Christ: Greek title

Paul the Apostle l 10 -67 AD l Was from modern-day Turkey

Paul the Apostle l Spoke both Greek and Latin: greatly aided him in spreading

Paul the Apostle l Christianity was a religion anyone could join: different from early

Islam l Monotheistic Religion l Founded by Prophet Muhammad ca. 609 AD l Islam:

Kaaba (Mecca, Saudi Arabia) Holiest Place on earth according to Islam l According to

Islam l Teachings very similar to Judaism and Christianity Dignity of all human beings

5 Pillars of Islam l l l Belief in only one God: Allah 5

Islam Muslim rulers expected to follow same laws as Muslim citizens l Muslim rulers

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Monotheist Religions and Democratic Ideals Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Prologue Section 2

Judaism l Hebrews: the people who came to be known later as Jewish ● Torah: The holy book of the Jewish faith The Torah are the first 5 books of the Old Testament in the Christian Bible

Judaism The world’s first Monotheistic religion: l Monotheism: Belief in and worship of only one god l l Other cultures around Hebrews were still Polytheists: belief in many gods

Judaism l Prophet Abraham: 2000 BC begins the Jewish faith Judaism : first religion to preach the need to live a morally good life

Judaism l Preached: each person had dignity and worth based on the fact they were born Preached: Each human possessed moral freedom; Free Will l Each individual is l responsible for their own moral decisions l

Judaism l Greeks and Romans: believed people had dignity and worth only if they could reason and/or contribute to the greatness of society l This is contrast to Jewish ideals: each person had worth based on the fact they were alive!

Hebrew Code l Laws that govern the Jewish faith Focused on the demand of ethical and moral behavior l Included demands on social and religious behavior: rulers were subject too l l Stated that each individual had to choose between good and evil and answer for those decisions in the afterlife

Prophets l They emerged in the 8 th Century BC l Jewish people believed they were Teachers and messengers from God l Argued for people to oppose injustice and inequality People are capable of high moral standards l Help those in need l l Preached against war, oppression, and greed

Christianity l l Jesus of Nazareth: born sometime between 6 -4 BC Both a Jew and a Roman subject Became a Jewish rabbi: Preacher Stressed the need for Monotheism: Belief in one god ● Preached the need for each individual to have a personal relationship with God

Jesus of Nazareth l Stressed the importance of loving one’s neighbor; treating them as one wants them self to be treated; Also stressed the importance of one loving their enemies l Stressed the need to repent sins and reject wickedness; Taught followers that eternal happiness would be achieved to those who took care of weaker citizens and lived moral life

Jesus Christ l Upon his death he became known as Jesus Christ: Greek title for “One who is anointed” l Actual name was Yehoshua ben Yosef : Hebrew for: “Joshua, son of Joseph” l New religion of Christianity spread after his death (ca. 32 AD)

Paul the Apostle l 10 -67 AD l Was from modern-day Turkey

Paul the Apostle l Spoke both Greek and Latin: greatly aided him in spreading Christianity throughout the Roman World 1 st Century AD l Traveled from region to region teaching Christianity to Gentiles (non-Jews) Before Paul the first Christians were in fact Jews

Paul the Apostle l Christianity was a religion anyone could join: different from early Judaism which was only for ethnic Hebrews ● Paul was responsible for many Gentiles converting to Christianity stressed equality of all human beings, salvation in the afterlife: As Christians and Jews were expelled from homelands by Romans they spread Monotheistic beliefs to other parts of the world

Islam l Monotheistic Religion l Founded by Prophet Muhammad ca. 609 AD l Islam: Arabic for “Surrender to God” l Muslim: Arabic for “One who surrenders” l Islam developed in modern-day Saudi Arabia

Islam l Allah: Arabic for “God”

Kaaba (Mecca, Saudi Arabia) Holiest Place on earth according to Islam l According to Islamic belief: Kaaba was built by Prophet Abraham to honor Allah (God)

Islam l Teachings very similar to Judaism and Christianity Dignity of all human beings l Brotherhood of all people l Belief in equality of all l Belief in acceptance and tolerance of all l From the same line of prophecy as Judaism and Christianity l

5 Pillars of Islam l l l Belief in only one God: Allah 5 times daily prayer, facing Mecca, Saudi Arabia Giving Alms to the poor, based on income Fast during daylight hours during the holy month of Ramadan Hajj: Every Muslim must make a pilgrimage to Mecca

Islam Muslim rulers expected to follow same laws as Muslim citizens l Muslim rulers expected to obey 5 Pillars of Islam just as Muslim citizens l Judaism, Christianity, Islam share very similar ideals and contributed to rise in democratic ideals of equality, fairness, and justice l