Monocotyledons monocots Monocotyledoneae or Liliopsida Chapter 7 Simpson

Monocotyledons: monocots, Monocotyledoneae, or Liliopsida Chapter 7 Simpson, 2 nd Edition

Monocots • 22% of all angiosperms • 56, 000 species Diversity of Orders/Families 1. Table 7. 2 p. 204 2. Table 7. 3 p. 231

Class Liliopsida According to Cronquist, 1988

Monocot Apomorphies 1. sieve tube plastids with cuneate proteinaceous inclusions

Monocot Apomorphies 2. atactostele stem vasculature • • “random” v. b. scattered in stem thus no vascular cambium & no true secondary growth

Monocot Apomorphies Quick review: stele types Fig 10. 16 Protostele Dictyostele Siphonostele Eustele Siphonostele Atactostele

Monocot Apomorphies Quick review: secondary growth Fig 10. 18

Monocot Apomorphies Quick review: secondary growth Fig 10. 19

Monocot Apomorphies Quick review: secondary growth Figs 10. 20 -21

Monocot Apomorphies 2. atactostele stem vasculature • • “random” v. b. scattered in stem thus no vascular cambium & no true secondary growth

Monocot Apomorphies 3. parallel leaf venation (most spp)

Monocot Apomorphies 4. single cotyledon

Monocots Characteristics 1) 2) derived from primitive dicots by Lower Cretaceous. . . • 3) wide variety of monocot leaves (100 mya) monocots were the first significant dichotomy in the evolutionary diversification of the dicots

A. Order Alismatales • 13 families (2 covered) • well developed perianth • perianth biseriate, 3 -parted “The order has often been split into the Arales (containing only the Araceae) and the Alismatales, s. s. (largely equivalent to the Alismatidae, sensu Cronquist 1981, and Takhtajan 1997), but some recent molecular studies unite these two groups. ” • sensu = in the sense of • s. s. = sensu stricto – strict sense • s. l. = sensu lato – broad sense

sea-grasses: Hydrocharitaceae Thallasia

A. Order Alismatales P 2+2, 3+3, (2+2), (3+3) or 0 A 4, 6, 8 or (4, 6, 8) G(3) superior Araceae - Arum family 104/3300 cosmopolitan; tropical and subtropical diversity 1) perennial herbs 2) spathe - large bract or leaf subtending a spadix; 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) may be rolled into a tube with the spadix inside [as in Calla lilly] spadix - a spike of small flowers on a fleshy axis; perfect or imperfect flowers many spadix are monoecious with staminate flowers on the upper half and pistillate on the lower half insect pollinated; some with strong odors (meat colored arum lilies - see video) plant tissues with calcium oxalate - this can cause a mechanical injury to the mucosal linings some worldwide economic importance number 1 houseplant family

A. Order Alismatales Araceae - Arum family http: //www. londongardenstrust. org Lemna – duck weed Amorphophallus titanum – the largest inflorescence of any flowering plant Wolffia – a floating aquatic in flower: P 0 A 1 G 1 Worlds smallest flower

A. Order Alismatales Araceae - Arum family Philodendron Dieffenbachia - dumbcane Colocasia esculenta - Elephant Ear or Taro Spathiphyllum - peace lily

A. Order Alismatales Araceae - Arum family Anthurium Zantedeschia - calla lilly Colocasia - taro

A. Order Alismatales Araceae - Arum family Arisaema triphyllum - jack-in-the-pulpit

A. Order Alismatales K 3 C 3 A 6, 9 -∞ G 3 -∞ superior Alismataceae - water plantain family 15/88 aquatic & semiaquatic; temperate & tropic 1) aquatic herbs 2) scapose 3) apocarpous 4) arrowhead shaped leaves - in our species (Sagittaria) 5) fruit an achene 6) fruit and corm/rhizome important wildlife foodsource Alisma water plaintain

A. Order Alismatales Alismataceae - water plantain family Sagittaria arrow-leaf

B. Order Liliales 1) large monocot group 2) 10 families, only 1 covered here 3) much taxonomic revision 4) Liliaceae s. l. contained over 280 genera and 4000 species

B. Order Liliales P 3+3 A 3+3 G(3) superior Liliaceae - lily family 16/600 cosmopolitan 1) perennial, terrestrial herbs 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) (shrubs, woody vines) bulbs, corms, rhizomes common petaloid perianth of tepals fruit a berry or capsule sheathing leaves, rarely petiolate, simple past treatment as a large polymorphic assemblage which is now broken into segregate families

B. Order Liliales Lilium Liliaceae - lily family Tulipa Erythronium Calochortus

Liliaceae - lily family B. Order Liliales Erythronium albidum a spring ephemeral in our riparian woodlands dalebenhamphotography http: //biology. clc. uc. edu/graphics/taxonomy/plants/ 2010 Minnesota dwarf trout lily surveys at Nerstrand Big Woods State Park, Minnesota. Several volunteers participated in these surveys led by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Nancy Sather (left) and Derek Anderson (right), Minnesota DNR, show a volunteer how to mark Minnesota dwarf trout lilies with flags to aid counts. Photo by USFWS; Tamara Smith

C. Order Asparagales 1. 2. 3. 14 families sensu APG III but Simpson recognizes 24 families likely apomorphy is presence of black substance (phytomelan) in seed coat but not found in Orchidaceae Many recent changes in family delineations Agapanthus Yucca Day-lily Orchid Iris

Agapanthus Yucca

C. Order Asparagales P 3+3 A(6) G(3) superior or inferior, hypanthium in some Agavaceae – agave family (=admired one) 8/300 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity Yucca moth (Tegiticula) – symbiosis 1) perennial subshrubs, 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) shrubs, trees, herbs stems acaulescent caudex leaves xeromorphic fruit a capsule xeric to mesic habitats often with CAM photosynthesis indigenous sue for fiber, food beverages, soap, medicinals Yucca glauca – soapweed in Western NE

C. Order Asparagales Agavaceae – agave family

C. Order Asparagales Agavaceae – agave family Agave - Century plant

C. Order Asparagales Agavaceae – agave family