Monitors Condition Variables and ReadersWriters Motivation for Monitors

Monitors, Condition Variables, and Readers-Writers

Motivation for Monitors Semaphores are a big step from the low-level loads and stores However, semaphores are used for both mutual exclusion and synchronization The idea of monitors is to separate these two concerns

Monitor Defined Monitor: a lock + condition variables Lock: provides mutual exclusion to shared data Condition variable: provides a queue for waiting threads inside a critical section Enabling synchronization between processes.

Locks A lock provides two operations: Lock: : Acquire() Wait until the lock is free, then grab it Lock: : Release() Unlock, wake up anyone waiting to Acquire A lock is initially free

More on Locks Always acquire a lock before accessing a shared data structure Always release the lock after finishing with the shared data structure

An Example of Using Locks Add. To. Queue() { Lock. Acquire(); // put 1 item to the queue Lock. Release(); } Remove. From. Queue() { Lock. Acquire(); // if something on the queue // remove 1 item form the queue Lock. Release(); return item; }

Condition Variables We need additional mechanisms to wait inside locked regions However, holding the lock while waiting prevents other threads from entering the locked region Condition variables make it possible to sleep inside a critical section Atomically release the lock & go to sleep

Condition Variables Each condition variable Consists of a queue of threads Provides three operations Wait(); – Atomically release the lock and go to sleep – Reacquire lock on return Signal(); – Wake up one waiting thread, if any Broadcast(); – Wake up all waiting threads

Condition Variables Note The three operations can only be used inside locked regions

An Example of Using Condition Variables Add. To. Queue() { lock. Acquire(); // put 1 item to the queue condition. Signal(&lock); lock. Release(); } Remove. From. Queue() { lock. Acquire(); while nothing on queue condition. Wait(&lock); lock. Release(); return item; }

Hoare vs. Mesa Monitors Hoare Monitors (used in most textbooks) Signal() transfers the CPU directly to a waiting thread

Mesa vs. Hoare Monitors Mesa Monitors (used in most real operating systems) Signal() only puts a waiting thread on the scheduler’s ready queue By the time the waken thread gets the CPU, the waiting condition may no longer be true and needs to be retested

Readers-Writers Problem Commonly seen in database applications Readers never modify the database Writers read and modify the database We want one writer at a time, but many readers at the same time

Constraints A reader should wait when a writer is accessing or waiting for the database Condition ok. To. Read A write should wait when there is a reader or writer accessing the database Condition ok. To. Write A reader or a writer should wait when someone is modifying global states Lock lock

Basic Structure of the Solution Reader Wait until no writers Access database Wake up waiting writers Writer Wait until no active readers or writers Access database Wake up waiting readers or writers

Developing the Solution Global states: active. Readers = 0; active. Writers = 0; waiting. Readers = 0; waiting. Writers = 0; Condition ok. To. Read = NULL; Condition ok. To. Write = NULL; Lock lock = FREE;

Put in Locks and Some Global States Reader() { lock. Acquire(); ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; lock. Release(); }

Add the Wait Condition for Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; lock. Release(); }

Add the Wait Condition for Writer Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; lock. Release(); }

Add the Signal Condition for Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; lock. Release(); }

Add the Signal Condition for Writer Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Code Demonstration Reader() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || waiting. Writers > 0) { ++waiting. Readers; ok. To. Read. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Readers; } ++active. Readers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Readers; if (active. Readers == 0 && waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } lock. Release(); } Writer() { lock. Acquire(); while (active. Writers > 0 || active. Readers > 0) { ++waiting. Writers; ok. To. Write. Wait(&lock); --waiting. Writers; } ++active. Writers; lock. Release(); // access database lock. Acquire(); --active. Writers; if (waiting. Writers > 0) { ok. To. Write. Signal(&lock); } else if (waiting. Readers > 0) { ok. To. Read. Broadcast(&lock); } lock. Release(); }

Semaphores vs. Monitors Can we implement monitors with semaphores? Wait() { P(s); } Signal() { V(s); }

Semaphores vs. Monitors Not quite… Condition variables only work inside a lock Using semaphores inside a lock may deadlock

Semaphores vs. Monitors Condition variables have no history, but semaphores have Signal() with an empty queue does nothing A subsequent Wait() will wait V() increments semaphore A subsequent P() will not wait