MONITORING AND EVALUATION RESEARCH Monitoring is a continuous

MONITORING AND EVALUATION RESEARCH Monitoring is a continuous management function that aims primarily at providing managers and key stakeholders with regular feedback on the implementation of marketing activities It gives an early indication of progress towards the achievement of intended results Monitoring tracks activities by assessing inputs and outputs over time. There are three levels of monitoring: a) Input: involves tracking and reporting information about inputs or resources that go into a project b) Process: tracks activities and strategies that are used to deliver the intervention c) Output: tracks the numbers that the intervention is reaching 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 1

MONITORING AND EVALUATION RESEARCH (Cont’d) The process of monitoring research involves identifying the target audience first The next step in monitoring research involves developing tools to collect data on indicators. Indicators refer to measurable attributes that define key features of the project including its scope. Indicators are based on the project objectives In monitoring, several tools should be developed to collect data on different aspects of the project The third step is analysis of data and preparation of monitoring reports. Monitoring is only useful when data is analyzed properly to guide decision makers 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 2

SAMPLING THEORY Researchers are interested in the characteristics of a population. If all the respondents in the population are asked to provide information, such a survey is called census. Measures of a census are called parameters A sample refers to a study involving a subset of the population Measures of sample are called statistics Researchers make inference about the population parameter using sample statistics. Inference is made with the assumption that the sample is representative of the population 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 3

Census A census is appropriate if the population size is small Census studies are also conducted when information is needed from every individual or object in the population Census is also appropriate if the cost of making incorrect decision is high or if sampling errors are high Sample Sampling is useful if the population size is large and if the cost and time associated with obtaining information is high Sampling is ideal if the population is homogenous 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 4

Sampling process The various steps involved in sampling process are as follows: i. Identifying the target population ii. Determining the sampling frame iii. Resolving the differences iv. Selecting a sampling procedure v. Determining the relevant sample size vi. Obtaining information from respondents vii. Dealing with non response viii. Preparing research report 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 5

i) Determining the Target Population Proper and accurate identification of the population is necessary Poor definition of the population often leads to wrong results Definition of the target population should contain information on sampling elements, sampling units and area of coverage 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 6

ii) Determining the Sampling Frame A sample frame is a list of population members used to obtain a sample The biggest problem in simple random sampling is obtaining appropriate lists Sometimes, researchers combine several lists in the hope of obtaining a more complete representation of the population The other problem is finding current list of sample frame 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 7

iii) Selecting a Sampling Procedure There are two major sampling procedures: probability and non probability sampling Probability sampling employs randomization to obtain sample representativeness In probability sampling, all population members have a known chance of being included in the sample Probability sampling requires availability of a sampling frame Non probability sampling is largely used in qualitative studies where data content is emphasized over sample representativeness 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 8

a) Probability Sampling q Probability sampling involves the following four considerations: Target population must be specified Method for selecting the sample need to be developed Determination of sample size Non response problem must be addressed 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 9

Probability Sampling Design Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster/Area Sampling Multistage Sampling 12/16/2021 owinojoseph@gmail. com 10