MONDAY 111317 Please get out a BLUE or

MONDAY, 11/13/17 Please get out a BLUE or BLACK pen for your quiz Please don’t write on the quiz When you are finished, please put your bubble sheet in your bin and put the quiz on my desk Until everybody is finished, please be silent Today: 1. ) Photosynthesis Quiz 2. ) Begin Chapter 7: Cell Respiration

Homework: 1. ) Be reading Chapter 7: Cell Respiration. Outline is due FRIDAY, 10/17. Pay special attention to aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration for your lab 2. ) PRINT and READ “Cell Respiration Balloon Lab” handout you need for Block Days 3. ) Guided Notes for “Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Fermentation” are also posted for you to print

Word of the Day Pittance (adj. ) A small portion, amount, or allowance “Smith's salary is a mere pittance compared with others in the NBA. ”

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Sunlight Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Keep this equation in mind as we begin talking about cell respiration Which cell organelle makes ATP? Mitochondria

Cellular Respiration Objectives SPI 3210. 3. 2 Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. SPI 3210. 3. 3 Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy transformation.

Ch. 7: Cellular Respiration • Food serves as a source of raw materials for the cells in the body and as a source of energy. Animal Cells Animal Mitochondrion Plant Cells Remember, BOTH plants AND animals undergo cell respiration!

• Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria. Outer membrane Intermembrane space Cristae Matrix

Mitochondria • The matrix is where 3 -carbon molecules (pyruvate) that come from glucose are broken down to CO 2 and water • The cristae is where the electron transport chain (ETC) occurs and is where most of the ATP is made

Cell Respiration Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP Glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy How does this compare to the photosynthesis chemical equation?

Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy • The Stages of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration has two stages or three stages depending of whether oxygen is present or not • Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration – Cellular respiration is either aerobic respiration (in the presence of oxygen— 3 stages) or anaerobic respiration (in the absence of oxygen— 2 stages)

Stages of Cellular Respiration Glucose 2 ATP Glycolysis a An ic b o er Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation 2 ATP 2 Lactic Acids Alcoholic Fermentation 2 ATP 2 CO 2 2 Ethanols Ae rob ic Krebs Cycle 2 ATP + 4 CO 2 Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 32 ATP from ETC + H 2 O TOTAL: 36 ATP

Electron Carriers Say “hello” to NADP+’s little friends…NAD+ and FAD • NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) will be reduced (by gaining an electron and hydrogen) to NADH during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle • FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) will be reduced (by gaining electrons and hydrogens) to FADH 2 during the Krebs Cycle • Their function is the same as that of NADP+…transfer electrons to the electron transport chain to generate ATP

Aerobic Respiration: 3 Stages

Stage One: Glycolysis • Glycolysis- Glucose is broken down to pyruvate during glycolysis, making some ATP (2 molecules). • Does NOT require oxygen (so this step occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration)

Stage One: Glycolysis Inputs Outputs • 1 Glucose • 2 ATP invested • 2 Pyruvate • 2 ATP (net) • 2 NADH (electron carrier) • Happens in the cytoplasm • Does not require oxygen PURPOSE: To break down glucose into pyruvate, which is necessary for the Krebs Cycle, and to transfer electrons 15 to NAD+ to be used in the electron transport chain (ETC).

Stage One: Glycolysis 2 ATP used G 3 P 2 NADH and 2 H+ made 4 ATP made 1. Two ATPs are used to add two phosphates onto glucose, forming a new compound 2. The compound splits into two 3 -carbon compounds 3. Phosphate groups from cytosol are added onto each of the 3 -carbon compounds 4. NAD+ receives hydrogen and electrons from each compound, forming NADH 5. Both 3 -carbon compounds have their phosphate groups removed, which are added onto four ATPs 6. End result is pyruvate, a net gain of 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

Glycolysis: Key Points Glucose is broken into TWO molecules of pyruvate Makes only TWO molecules of ATP Makes TWO molecules of NADH Most of the energy from glucose is still stored in the pyruvates, so off they go to the Krebs Cycle

Thursday, 11/16/17 Please answer these questions independently, and try without notes: 1. ) What are the inputs of glycolysis? 2. ) What are the outputs of glycolysis? 3. ) True/false: Glycolysis occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen is present. Today: 1. ) Krebs Cycle 2. )“Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration” worksheet Homework: 1. ) Chapter 7 Outline due TOMORROW (Friday, 11/17) 2. ) If applicable, quiz corrections due MONDAY, 11/20 (we will discuss these) 3. ) Cell Respiration Lab due BY MONDAY, 11/20

Word of the Day Attenuate (verb) To weaken or reduce in force, intensity, or value “If we quarantine the patients who have the disease, it should attenuate the spread of the illness. ”

Quiz Corrections • Your quiz was out of either 12 or 13 points • For those with a quiz out of 12 points, if you received a 75% OR BELOW, you are REQUIRED to do quiz corrections. You must do ALL the questions you missed, and you can then receive a max score of 83% (10/12) • For those with a quiz out of 13 points, if you received a 77% OR BELOW, you are REQUIRED to do quiz corrections. You must do ALL the questions missed, and you can then receive a max score 85% (11/13) • I will provide EVERYONE with a copy of how quiz corrections should be done. As a general rule, I do NOT allow corrections, so please do not ask after every assessment if corrections will be allowed.

Upcoming Assignments/Activities Friday, 11/17 Electron Transport Chain & Fermentation Monday, 11/20 Tuesday, 11/21/17 Review “Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration” worksheet Respiration/Photosynthesis Skill Check (EOC Practice Questions) Cell Respiration KAHOOT! Quiz Corrections due (if applicable) Short ACTIVE lab activity (your pre-Thanksgiving workout)

Stage Two: Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Second stage of aerobic respiration, in which pyruvate is broken down and carbon dioxide is released • Takes place in matrix of mitochondrion • The Krebs cycle begins when pyruvate, produced by glycolysis, enters the mitochondrion • It takes TWO TURNS of the Krebs Cycle to break down ONE molecule of glucose (since it was split into two pyruvates). PURPOSE: To transfer electrons to the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD that will then be used in the ETC (very similar to what we saw in photosynthesis).

Stage Two: Krebs Cycle **For TWO turns of the cycle** Inputs Outputs • 2 Acetyl Co. A • • 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 6 CO 2 (waste) • Happens in the fluid matrix of the mitochondria • Occurs only when oxygen is present 23

Stage Two: Krebs Cycle 1 2 3 1. Pyruvate has entered the mitochondrial matrix. It breaks apart into a twocarbon compound a CO 2 molecule, the latter of which is released as waste. This transfers an electron and hydrogen to NAD+, forming one NADH. 2. Coenzyme A is attached to the two-carbon compound, which forms acetyl-Co. A. 3. Acetyl-Co. A enters the Krebs Cycle.

Stage Two: Krebs Cycle 1 2 3 4 5 4. Acetyl-Co. A loses its Coenzyme A (which is recycled). The two-carbon compound binds to a fourcarbon compound (oxaloacetate), forming a sixcarbon compound, citric acid. 5. Citric acid becomes a 5 carbon compound by releasing CO 2, which is waste. This transfers an electron and hydrogen to NAD+, forming one NADH.

Stage Two: Krebs Cycle 1 2 3 4 7 5 6 6. The 5 -carbon compound breaks apart into a 4 -carbon compound. This step does the following: • Releases CO 2 (waste) • Transfers an electron and hydrogen to NAD+, forming NADH • Creates ATP 7. The new 4 -carbon compound loses two hydrogens, creating one FADH 2 and one NADH. Oxaloacetate has just been reformed, which is ready to begin the Krebs Cycle again.

Krebs Cycle: Key Points Acetyl Co. A is the input TWO TURNS of the cycle are required to break down ONE molecule of glucose (since it was split into two pyruvates) Also referred to as the “Citric Acid Cycle” After TWO TURNS of the cycle, the result is: 6 molecules of CO 2, 2 molecules of ATP, 6 molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of FADH 2 The cell needs more ATP! The electron carriers NADH and FADH 2 travel to the ETC

Begin completing the “Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration” worksheet

Friday, 11/17/17 Please independently answer these questions. When you are finished doing so, please turn in your Chapter 7 Outline. 1. ) Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? (Be specific) 2. ) Before the Krebs Cycle begins, pyruvate is converted into what compound with the help of Coenzyme A? 3. ) True/false: The Krebs Cycle occurs during anaerobic respiration. 4. ) What are the products of the Krebs Cycle? Today: Electron Transport Chain & Fermentation Homework: 1. ) Quiz Corrections (if applicable) due MONDAY, 11/20 2. ) Balloon Lab due MONDAY, 11/20 3. ) Bring completed “Photosynthesis vs. Cell Respiration” worksheet on MONDAY, 11/20

Word of the Day Emissary (noun) A representative or agent sent on a mission or errand “Since the president is too ill to attend the conference, he is sending the vice-president as his emissary. ”

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Third and final stage of aerobic respiration • The ETC uses the NADH and FADH 2 created in glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle to generate a large amount of ATP (~32 molecules) • Takes place at the inner membrane of the mitochondria (cristae) • The energy released by the electrons from NADH and FADH 2 provide the power for pumping hydrogen ions…ATP is generated by ATP Synthase (just like in photosynthesis!)

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Outputs • Inputs • NADH • FADH 2 • O 2 (serves as the final electron acceptor) • • 32 ATP NAD+ FAD H 2 O PURPOSE: NADH and FADH 2 provide electrons that release energy to transport H+ into the intermembrane space. The H+ will then diffuse (chemiosmosis) back into the matrix via ATP Synthase, making a lot of ATP!

Intermembrane space Cristae Matrix

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH 2 are passed along the electron transport chain from one carrier protein to the next. The space between the inner and outer membrane of the mitochondria Intermembrane Space Cristae Matrix

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • At the end of the chain, the electrons (now lowenergy) and hydrogen ions combine with OXYGEN to form water. Intermembrane Space Cristae Matrix O 2 is the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • As the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, oxygen gets rid of the low-energy electrons and hydrogen ions. Intermembrane Space Cristae Matrix

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • When high-energy electrons move down the electron transport chain, their energy is used to move hydrogen ions (H+) across the membrane (active transport). Intermembrane Space Cristae Matrix

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • During electron transport, H+ ions build up in the intermembrane space (high concentration). HIGH concentration of H+ Intermembrane Space Cristae Matrix LOW concentration of H+

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • The other side of the membrane (inside the matrix), from which those H+ ions are taken, has a low concentration of H+. HIGH concentration of H+ Intermembrane Space Cristae Matrix LOW concentration of H+

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • The inner membranes of the mitochondria contain ATP Synthase (is this looking familiar yet? ). Intermembrane Space Cristae Matrix ATP synthase

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • As H+ ions diffuse down their gradient back into the matrix, they pass through ATP Synthase, creating ATP. Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Cristae Matrix

Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • As it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP, attaching a phosphate, forming high-energy ATP. Channel Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Cristae ADP Matrix

Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Key Points NADH and FADH 2 are the electron carriers responsible for transporting electrons to the ETC The energy released by the electrons as they travel through the ETC provides the power for pumping H+ ions from the matrix (low concentration) to the intermembrane space (high concentration) As the H+ ions diffuse back down their gradient from the intermembrane space to the matrix (chemiosmosis), they pass through ATP Synthase, generating ATP **Same concept as the ATP Synthase in photosynthesis**

Fermentation O 2 • An anaerobic cellular process in which organic compounds are broken down • Anaerobic means “without oxygen” • 2 types: • Alcoholic fermentation • Lactic acid fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation • Animal muscles • Any sprinters in here? • During intense activity, oxygen is unable to be supplied quickly enough to meet the body’s demand for ATP • Allows the body to continue breaking down glucose (so you get a small amount of ATP from glycolysis), but we can only stay in anaerobic respiration for 1 -3 minutes

Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeast is the most common example • Produces ethanol (alcohol) and CO 2 • The released CO 2 makes champagne bubbly and creates air pockets in bread Acetaldehyde

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Cellular Respiration Fermentation Requires O 2 No O 2 required 36 ATP 2 ATP (only from glycolysis) 3 Stages: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain 2 Stages: Glycolysis and EITHER Lactic Acid Fermentation OR Alcoholic Fermentation

Review • Cellular respiration is a metabolic process that breaks down glucose to release the energy (as ATP) in food • This ATP provides cells with the energy they need to carry out the activities of life. C 6 H 12 O 6+ 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP Reactants: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6), Oxygen (O 2) Products: Carbon Dioxide (CO 2), Water (H 2 O), ATP

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration • The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions. Photosynthesis: Uses energy to build glucose Cellular Respiration: Makes energy by breaking down glucose

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interdependent • The products of cellular respiration are the reactants in photosynthesis; conversely, the products of photosynthesis are reactants in cellular respiration

Exit Ticket Please respond to these questions on your notecard: 1. ) On a scale of 1 -3 (3 = super comfortable, 2 = so-so comfortable, 1 = not at all comfortable), how do you feel right now about cell respiration? 2. ) What can you do at home this weekend to improve your understanding of cell respiration if you aren’t feeling at least a 2? 3. ) What can we do in class next week to help you? On Tuesday, do you want to spend more time on EOC practice/test prep or the active “lab activity”? I have a lot of people missing this week for Beta, so I am more inclined to do test prep on Tuesday…but let me know what you think!