Molecules of Life Chapter 22 Great Idea A

Chapter Outline • Organic Molecules • Proteins: The Workhorses of Life • Carbohydrates •

Four Basic Characteristics • Most molecules based on chemistry of carbon – Organic molecules

Chemical Shorthand • No H atoms or bonds to H are shown • C

Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins • Amino Acid – Carboxyl group –

Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins • Side Group – Makes amino acid

Amino Acids cont. • Bonding – Two amino acids • H bonds with OH

Proteins as Enzymes • Enzymes – Specific shape & structure – Facilitates bonding

How Drugs Work • Blocking enzymes – Block active site – Molecules cannot bond

Carbohydrates • Structure – C, H, O • Simplest – Sugars – Cn. H

Lipids • Lipids – Insoluble in water • Role of lipids – Cell membranes

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats • Saturated – C is fully bonded – Basis of

Cell Membranes • Cell membrane – Hydrophilic – Hydrophobic

Minerals • Minerals – All chemical elements except C, H, N, O • Example

Vitamins • Vitamins – Organic molecules – Must be taken in with food •

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Molecules of Life Chapter 22 Great Idea: A cell’s major parts are constructed from a few simple molecular building blocks

Chapter Outline • Organic Molecules • Proteins: The Workhorses of Life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Minerals and Vitamins

Organic Molecules

Four Basic Characteristics • Most molecules based on chemistry of carbon – Organic molecules • Life’s molecules form from few elements – H, O, C, N 97. 5% of body weight • Molecules composed of simple building blocks – Arranged differently • Shape determines behavior – Determines ability for bonding

Chemical Shorthand • No H atoms or bonds to H are shown • C atoms are not shown explicitly Shorthand

Proteins: The Workhorses of Life

Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins • Amino Acid – Carboxyl group – Amino group – Carbon atom – Side group

Amino Acids: The Building Blocks of Proteins • Side Group – Makes amino acid unique

Amino Acids cont. • Bonding – Two amino acids • H bonds with OH • Forms H 2 O • Forms peptide bond – Polypeptide • chain • Protein – Large molecule – Chain of amino acids • Only 20 amino acids in living organisms

The Structure of Proteins

Proteins as Enzymes • Enzymes – Specific shape & structure – Facilitates bonding

Proteins as Enzymes

How Drugs Work • Blocking enzymes – Block active site – Molecules cannot bond – Reaction does not take place • Shape of molecules – Block membrane transport – Block neurotransmitters

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates • Structure – C, H, O • Simplest – Sugars – Cn. H 2 n. On • • Monosaccharides Polysaccharide Starches Cellulose

Lipids

Lipids • Lipids – Insoluble in water • Role of lipids – Cell membranes – Store energy • Phospholipids – Make up cell membrane

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats • Saturated – C is fully bonded – Basis of cholesterol • Unsaturated – Monounsaturated – Polyunsaturated • hydrogenation

Cell Membranes • Cell membrane – Hydrophilic – Hydrophobic

Minerals and Vitamins

Minerals • Minerals – All chemical elements except C, H, N, O • Example – Calcium • 2% of weight

Vitamins • Vitamins – Organic molecules – Must be taken in with food • Except vitamin D • Water soluble – Vitamins B & C • Fat soluble – Vitamins A, D, E, & K • Function – Assist enzymes