Molecular Models Activity carbon tetrachloride ammonia methane hydrogen
Molecular Models Activity carbon tetrachloride ammonia methane hydrogen monochloride water trichloromethane urea ethyne propane dihydrogen monosulfide butane carbon dioxide nitrogen triiodide (video) supplies
Bonding and Shape of Molecules Number of Unshared Pairs Covalent Structure Shape Examples -Be- Linear Be. Cl 2 Trigonal planar BF 3 2 0 3 0 4 0 C Tetrahedral CH 4, Si. Cl 4 3 1 : Number of Bonds Pyramidal NH 3, PCl 3 2 2 Bent H 2 O, H 2 S, SCl 2 B : N O:
Lewis Structures 1) Count up total number of valence electrons 2) Connect all atoms with single bonds - “multiple” atoms usually on outside - “single” atoms usually in center; C always in center, H always on outside. 3) Complete octets on exterior atoms (not H, though) Gilbert Lewis - no unpaired electrons (free radicals) 4) Check - valence electrons match with Step 1 - all atoms (except H) have an octet; if not, try multiple bonds - any extra electrons? Put on central atom
Carbon tetrachloride Cl Cl CCl 4 Cl Cl 109. 5 o Cl Tetrahedral geometry Carbon tetrachloride – “carbon tet” had been used as dry cleaning solvent because of its extreme non-polarity.
Methane H H CH H H C H H 109. 5 o H Tetrahedral geometry Methane –The first member of the paraffin (alkane) hydrocarbons series. a. k. a. (marsh gas, CH 4).
Water d(-) . . Bent geometry . . SO 2 O H H d(+) Polar molecule
Ethane C = 1 s 22 p 2 H H H C CH H H Lewis dot notation ball-and-stick C 2 H 4 molecular formula space-filling molecule
Ethane H H H C CH H H Lewis dot notation ball-and-stick C 2 H 6 molecular formula space-filling molecule
Ethyne No octet each C “feels” 6 electrons H C CH C 2 H 2 H C CH each C “feels” 7 carbons Ethyne – a. k. a. “acetylene” 6 electrons = triple bond H C CH Stable octet
Dihydrogen monosulfide. . SO 2 S H H Bent
Carbon dioxide O CO 2 O C Linear geometry O O C O
Ammonia. . NH 3 N HH H N H H H Trigonal Pyramidal geometry N H H 107 o H
Amino Acids – Functional Groups Amine Base Pair Carboxylic Acid R- COOH NH 21 lose H+ NH 21 - NH 3 H+ NH 41+ H : N H : : : 1 - N N H amine H + H 1+ H ammonia H H H ammonium ion
Hydrogen monochloride H Cl HCl d(+) d(-) HCl(g) + H 2 O(l) HCl(aq) hydrogen chloride Polar molecule water hydrochloric acid
Trichloromethane d(+) H Cl Cl CHCl 3 H C Cl Cl 109. 5 o Cl Tetrahedral geometry H Cl Cl d(-) Polar molecule
Urea NOT “di-urea” H H N O C N H H CO(NH 2)2 Urea – The first organic compound to be synthesized (Wohler, 1828).
Propane H H C C CH H C 3 H 8 H H C H H
Butane H H H C CH H H C 4 H 10 H H H-C-C-H H H C H H C H H
Nitrogen triiodide. . N I I I NI 3 N I 107 o I I Trigonal Pyramidal geometry Video clip: (slow motion) detonation of NI 3
Supplies q q q q 15 black 8 green 1 yellow 4 blue 4 red 42 hydrogen 67 bonds (carbon) (chlorine and iodine) (sulfur) (oxygen) (nitrogen) (hydrogen) (bonds)
C Cl S I Cl Cl Cl H H CCl 4 CH 4 HCl CHCl 3 H O C O H Cl Cl HC CH C 2 H 2 O N CO 2 S H H SH 2
H H H C CH H H N H HH H H C C CH H N I I I
Decomposition of Nitrogen Triiodide
Decomposition of Nitrogen Triiodide NI 3 2 NI 3(s) N 2 I 2 N 2(g) + 3 I 2(g)
. . C N O H 109. 5 o H H CH 4, methane lone pair electrons H 107 o H . . H H H NH 3, ammonia 104. 5 o H 2 O, water . . O O O 3, ozone H O O
The VSEPR Model The Shapes of Some Simple ABn Molecules . . O C . . SO 2 . . O N S O O Linear O Bent F S O F F O Trigonal planar Trigonal pyramidal AB 6 F F F Cl F F T-shaped F F F Square planar Brown, Le. May, Bursten, Chemistry The Central Science, 2000, page 305 F F P Xe F F F S F F F Trigonal bipyramidal Octahedral
Resources - Nomenclature Objectives General Chemistry PP Worksheet - binary cmpds: single charge cation Worksheet - binary compounds Worksheet - ions in chemical formulas Worksheet - ions in chemical compounds Worksheet - ionic cmpds: polyatomic ions w multiple-charge cation Worksheet - ionic formulas (binary, polyatomic, transition) Worksheet - traditional system of nomenclature Worksheet - covalent binary cmpds: non-metal - non-metal Worksheet - empirical and molecular Worksheet - vocab (bonding) Worksheet - ionic cmpds: polyatomic ions Worksheet - ionic binary cmpds: multiple charge cation Worksheet - errors in chemical formulas and nomenclature Worksheet - oxidation numbers and ionic cmpds Activity - bonding pieces Activity - molecular models Activity - mole pattern Textbook - questions Worksheet - names and formulas of cmpds Outline (general)
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