Modules on Sustainable Agriculture MOSA Agroforestry Presenters Talila

Modules on Sustainable Agriculture MOSA Agroforestry Presenters: Talila Keno Werka Ayong Hassan Fongoh August 2015 Page

Key questions • What is agroforestry? • Why working with and promoting agrorestry for sustainable development? • Obstacles to agroforestry promotion? • Fields of action Page 2

Some facts and the Challenges: “by 2050, we need to… • Double world food production on ~ the same amount of land • Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather, while… • … massively reducing GHG emissions. ” Page 3

Prevalence of trees on farms Page 4

… and people cohabit everywhere. Global population density Page 5

Agroforestry = Agriculture + Forestry Agriculture = Crops + Livestock Types of agroforestry • Agrisiliculture = crop plus forest • Silvopastural = livestock plus trees • Agrosilvopastural = crop plus livestock plus trees Page 6

1 What is Agroforestry?

“Agroforestry is a collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc. ) are deliberately used on the same land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. In agroforestry systems there are both ecological and economical interactions between the different components (Lundgren and Raintree, 1982). ” Page 9

Various forms of agroforestry systems Alley cropping (©WAC) Simple systems e. g. Complex systems: Alley cropping Function like natural forest ecosystems but are integrated into the agricultural management system (C. Mbow et al. , 2014) Intercropping Hedgerow systems … Faidherbia albida (©WAC) Page 10

Modules on Sustainable Agriculture MOSA 2 Agroforestry Why working with and promoting agrorestry for sustainable development? Page 11

Trees in agroforestry systems … Multi-purpose trees! …Fruit trees, timber trees, medicinal trees, commercially important species, fertilizer trees…. • Products: Fruits, timber, wood energy, carbon, medicinal plant products, animal fodder… …enhancing LIVELIHOOD of farmers: product diversification, improved nutrition, health, income. . . • Environmental service: Enhancement of local climate, soil properties, biodiversity, ecosystem‘s resilience Page 12

Average nitrate leaching Agroforestry Agriculture Forestry Source : INRA Restinclières, France Source: CIMMYT Page 13

Ways in which trees build resilience o Soil restoration: more SOC, richer soil microbiology, enhanced percolation, less erosion, less degradation o Soil fertility: more SOC, more N if legumes, nutrient pump o Increased carbon accumulation 2 -10 tons of CO 2 -eq. per hectare per year are common o Higher biodiversity: More niches for pest predators o Lower input requirements: fewer pesticides, fewer fertilizers o Better crop yields: more soil organic matter, better plant nutrient availability Page 14

Trees cont. . . o Better nutrition: fruits, fodder, multi-crop system support o Livestock farming: fodder, shelter o Weather resilience: roots pump water, trees offer shade and windbreaks o Insurance & savings: One off timber sales o Income diversification: crops, fuel, fodder, timber, fruits o Flood control & water recharge: Page 15

Land equivalent ratio (LER) Yield of: LER > 1: Intercropping is advantageous An LER of 1. 15 means: an area planted as sole crop would require 1. 15% of land to produce the same yield planted in an intercrop combination Page 16

LER Cont. . . Example Sole crop maize = 6 t/ha Sole crop beans = 3 t/ha Intercrop maize = 5 t/ha Intercrop beans = 2 t/ha Calculate the LER, is LER advantageous or not? Page 17

Agroforestry practice in Ethiopia Agroforestry practice is a traditional farming system in Ethiopia. The main component of agroforestry species include cofee, ensete ventricosum, fruit trees like Avocado, livestock and acacia species as tree components. Some pictures are included as an example Terraced agroforestry system in Konso Ethiopia: voices. nationalgeographic. com Dilla, Ethiopia by maria ölund, focali. se Page 18

Agroforestry in Ethiopia cont. . . FAO, 2011 (livelihoods. eu ) Fidherbia albida in teff, Ethiiopia (slideshare. net) Page 19

Agroforestry in Ethiopia cont. . . UNCCD News, 2010 (newsbox. unccd. int) David Stanley, Flickr (wri. org) Page 20

Semi arid tropics: Malawi yield (t/ha) Maize only 1. 30 Maize + fertilizer trees 3. 05 Survey of >200 farms in six districts in 2011 (Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje, Salima, Thyolo and Machinga) Gliricidia, a leguminous coppice tree, interplanted with maize. The leaves are cut and turned over into the topmost soil layer, providing nitrogen and other nutrients. Page 21

Fertilizer trees can outperform NPK 2009/2010 season; data from 6 Malawian districts Farmer plot management Sampling Frequency Mean (Kg/Ha) Standard error Maize without fertiliser 36 1322 220. 33 Maize with fertiliser 213 1736 118. 95 Maize with fertiliser trees 72 3053 359. 8 3071 264. 31 Maize with fertiliser trees & fertiliser 135 Mwalwanda, A. B. et al (2010) Page 22

Faidherbia albida Trial Results in Zambia Maize yield - zero fertiliser (tons/ha) 2008 2009 2010 With Faidherbia 4. 1 5. 6 Without Faidherbia 1. 3 2. 6 Number of trials 15 40 40 Conservation Farming Unit, Zambia (©WAC) Page 23

Modules on Sustainable Agriculture MOSA 3 Agroforestry Obstacles to agroforestry promotion? Page 24

… then why this? Investment in agroforestry research Investment in conventional agriculture research Page 25

Limited investments 1. Science of complexity (involves many components) 2. Context specific 3. Institutional, social, political infrstructurtal, legal and market forces Page 26

Limited farmer‘s adoption 1. More labour is required 2. Insecure land tenure 3. Poor infrastructure 4. Skills 5. Output variation (©WAC) Page 27

Modules on Sustainable Agriculture MOSA 4 Agroforestry Fields of action Page 28

Realising the potential of agroforestry requires: 1. Sustained commitment to making agroforestry systems more context-specific. 2. Marketing and advertising partnerships. 3. Rural credit and financing systems. 4. Markets for tree products. Page 29

Potential AFCont. . . 5. Addressing remaining labour limitations. 6. Developing and implementing innovative tenure systems. 7. Boosting tree seeds, diversification and distribution. 8. Expand the capacity of extension services to promote context-specific agroforestry Page 30

Modules on Sustainable Agriculture MOSA Further reading Coe, R. , Sinclair, F. and Barrios, E. (2014): Scaling up agroforestry requires research ‘in’ rather than ‘for’ development. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. Dupraz, C. and Liagre, F. (2014): Agroforesterie: des arbres et des cultures, 2 dn edition. Editions France Agricole. Leakey, R. (2012). Living with the trees of life: towards the transformation of tropical agriculture. CABI. ISBN 97817800640990. Lundgren, B. O. and Raintree, J. B. (1982): Sustained agroforestry. In: Nestel, B. (ed. ). Agricultural Research for Development: Potentials and Challenges in Asia, pp. 37 -49. ISNAR, The Hague, The Netherlands. Mbow, C. et al. (2014): Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in Africa. In: Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 6: 8– 14. Mwalwanda, A. B. et al. (2011): Impact of Fertilizer Trees on Maize Production and Food Security in Six Districts of Malawi. World Agroforestry Centre. Ramachandran Nair, P. K. (1993): An introduction to agroforesrtry. ICRAF. Dordrecht, Netherlands. Kluwer academic publishers. Page 31

======= The end ====== Thank you A debate point Agroforestry should be encouraged to achieve sustainable agriculture (who are against Vs who are pro) Page 32