Modules on Sustainable Agriculture 2 MOSA Climate Resilient

Modules on Sustainable Agriculture 2 MOSA Climate Resilient and climate friendly agriculture in a changing world

Difference between climate (change) and weather WEATHER • The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time • Weather consists of the shortterm changes (minutes to months) in the atmosphere • In most places, weather can change from minute-to-minute, hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season. Source: http: //www. weatheronline. co. uk/Germany/Stuttgart. htm 2

Difference between climate (change) and weather CLIMATE • Climate, however, is the average of weather over time and space • When we talk about climate change, we talk about changes in long-term time dimensions Source: EEA European Environment Agency 2008 3

Source: Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. IPCC Working Group 1. Contribution to the 4. AR 4

Global Warming Source: Ice Core Vostok 5

Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate […] that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing […] and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use (IPCC). Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines climate change as: ‘a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods’. Source: IPCC 5. Assessment Report. Glossary IPCC. Geneva 6

Greenhouse gases H 2 O CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O HFC; PFC; CFC Source: http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commo ns/3/31/Diossido_di_azoto. jpg Source: http: //upload. wikimedia. org/ wikipedia/commons/2/21/St _Johns_Fog. jpg 7

Global Warming Potential (GWP) Source: IPCC 2007 CO 2 e (equivelent) -> e. g. : (1 kg N 2 O * 298 = 298 kg CO 2 e) 8

CO 2 e Source: Blank. Map-World 6. svg via Wikimedia Commons, online: http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File%3 AColored. Blank. Map-World-10 E. svg 9

CO 2 e Source: Blank. Map-World 6. svg via Wikimedia Commons, online: http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File%3 AColored. Blank. Map-World-10 E. svg 10

CO 2 e Source: Blank. Map-World 6. svg via Wikimedia Commons, online: http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File%3 AColored. Blank. Map-World-10 E. svg 11

CO 2 e Source: Blank. Map-World 6. svg via Wikimedia Commons, online: http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File%3 AColored. Blank. Map-World-10 E. svg 12

Climate Change Effects 13

Climate Change Effects Source: Ty Sokhun, Cambodia Source: Fairtrade. org. uk, St Lucia and St Vincent, 2010 Rainfall variability Elevated Temperatures Elevated CO 2 Source: Sue Ogrocki, Cotton in Oklahoma in 2012 14

Agriculture suffers from climate change • Unsecure cropping conditions and crop failures • Displacement of optimal growing regions • Changes in pest exposition, invading species and genetic losses • Overall yield losses but with considerable regional differences • Major implications for food security © H. Vogel 15

Impact of climate change on agriculture 16

Example: Coffee cultivation area in Ethiopia Current conditions (1950 -2000) Prediction for 2050 under climate change Source: Ruegsegger 2008 17

Agriculture contributes to climate change 18

Source: Bellarby et al. 2008 19

The Role of Sustainable Agriculture in Climate Change Mitigation Adaptation Sustainability / Resilience A. Birkenberg 20

Mitigation 21

Mitigation of climate change A human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Source: IPCC 5. Assessment Report. Glossary IPCC. Geneva 22

Three Mitigation Options of Agriculture 1. Reduce direct emissions (N 2 O, CH 4) 2. Removals of GHG from the atmosphere Carbon sequestration 3. Avoid creating new emissions protect existing carbon storages (e. g. Forests) Source: Wollenberg et al. 2012 23

Carbon Neutrality Oscar Arias (2006): National Carbon Neutrality in Costa Rica by 2021 Reductions: Changes in the footprint, or internal reforestation CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O /or E–R–C=0 Emissions: Calculate the carbon footprint (LCA) Compensation: Buy carbon credits or certificates to compensate emissions that could not be reduced. 24

Carbon Footprint Calculation Killian et al. 2013 25

Exercise: 26

Group Work Killian et al. 2013 27

1998 Wood consumption (oven) Energy consumption Water consumption in the mill Waste water into the river Pulp Nitrogen Fertilizer Use of vehicles 2010 8000 m 3 / harvest 500 m 3 / harvest 7. 5 k. Wh / 45 kg coffee 3. 3 k. Wh / 45 kg coffee 1 m 3 / 45 kg coffee 0. 2 m 3 / 45 kg coffee 100% 0% Fermented Composted incl. pure nitrogen No pure nitrogen Frequently Only if necessary! Source: Coopedota R. L. 28

Three Mitigation Options of Agriculture 1. Reduce direct emissions (N 2 O, CH 4) 2. Removals of GHG from the atmosphere Carbon sequestration 3. Avoid creating new emissions protect existing carbon storages (e. g. Forests) Source: Wollenberg et al. 2012 29

The carbon cycle Source: World Development report. 2010. Focus A: The science of climate change. Adapted from IPCC 2007 30

Literature on Carbon Sequestration No. How much unit Type of system 1 2 74 -259 81 Mg C/ha coffee agroforestry in Guatemala (veget. and soil) shaded coffee plantation in Togo Africa Source (Schmitt-Harsch) in Jose and Bardhan 2012 Dossa et al. 2008 3 50 -200 Mg C/ha multi-strata coffee agroforestry in Costa Rica (total) Masera et al. 2003 4 64 -122 Mg C/ha coffee agroforestry in Costa Rica (69% SOC) Haeger 2012 5 05 -80 Mg C /ha 6 07 -15 Mg C/ha Carbon in vegetation (coffee agroforestry) Rikxoort et al. 2014 Above ground carbon in coffee agroforestry in Costa Rica Vargas 2000 7 70 Mg C/ha in vegetation of tropical agroforest systems 8 0, 29 -15, 21 Mg C/ ha * year 9 108 -184 Mg C/ha 10 40 -120 Mg C/ha 11 22 -65 Mg C/ha 12 25 Mg C/ha 13 2 -5 Mg C/ ha * year 14 ~ 42 Mg /ha 15 ~ 71 Mg /ha 16 140 17 above ground in agroforestry Soil organic carbon in coffee agroforestry in Costa Rica soil organic carbon in coffee agroforestry in Chiapas, Mexico Carbon in soil (down to 20 cm) of tropical agroforest systems below ground in agroforestry (down to 1 m) veg. And soil 50 -259 above ground 05 -80 Mutuo et al. 2005 (Nair et al. 2010) in Jose and Bardhan 2012 Vargas 2000 Noponen et al. 2013 Soto-Pinto et al. 2010 22 -184 Mutuo et al. 2005 (Nair et al. 2010) in Jose and Bardhan 2012 DM biomass Mg /ha dry matter biomass from coffee in Costa Rica Siles et al. 2010 dry matter biomass of coffee-Inga agroforest in Costa Rica Siles et al. 2010 Above ground biomass of a shaded coffee plantation in Togo Africa Dossa et al. 2008 32 Mg /ha below ground biomass of a shaded coffee plantation in Togo Africa Dossa et al. 2008 DM biomass below ground 18 07 -52 Mg C/ha above ground woody species 19 1, 3 Mg C/ ha * year C stocks of above ground woody species, coffee agroforest el salvador Richards and Mendez 2013 31

Three Mitigation Options of Agriculture 1. Reduce direct emissions (N 2 O, CH 4) 2. Removals of GHG from the atmosphere Carbon sequestration 3. Avoid creating new emissions protect existing carbon storages (e. g. Forests) Source: Wollenberg et al. 2012 32

Carbon sinks 33

Adaptation 34

Vulnerability is defined by a set of variables Source: adelphi/EURAC 2014 35

Adaptation • • • Diversification Breeding Integrated, mixed systems Agroforestry New cropping patterns Resource Use Efficiency • Improve wheather forecasts • Crop insurance systems 36

Three pillars of CSA (Climate smart Agriculture) • • • Sustainably increasing production and income Adapting and building resilience to CC. Reducing/or removing GHG emissions , where possible (FAO, 2013) 37

Agricultural practices and their effects on climate and livelihoods Measures Low-till and no-till Mulching Organic manure Lime for acid soils Biophysical soil and water conservation measures Agroforestry Irrigation (drop irrigation, sprinkler) Integrated pest management Conserving agrobiodiversity Reducing losses (https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Io. CVrkca. H 6 Q ) Package: improved varieties, soil and water conservation measures, agroforestry, integrated pest management Contribution Enhanced Incomes and to adaptation to mitigation productivity living conditions ++ ++ 0 0 no direct relation ++ ++ + + ++ ++ 0 ++ ++ no direct relation +++ ? +++ +++ 38

What are incentives for adaptation and mitigation of climate change? © H. Vogel 39

What are incentives for adaptation and mitigation of climate change? Bioeconomy Resource Use Efficiency Comperative Advantage / Economic Advantage Demand (Consumers) 40

• Café direct (fairtrade labelling organization) Adap. CC • 4 C Association voluntary climate component for verification • UTZ CERTIFIED still exploring how to include climate aspects • IFOAM case studies and position papers on adaptation and mitigation benefits of organic agriculture • SAN (Sustainable Agriculture Network) including Rainforest Alliance adaptation and mitigation criteria since 2011 “climate module” (voluntary add on) • PAS 2060 Carbon Neutrality Wollenberg et al. 2012 41

The Role of Sustainable Agriculture in Climate Change Mitigation Adaptation Sustainability / Resilience 42

Thank you for your attention !!!! 43

References • GIZ 2011. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Cooperation - A Practice-Oriented Training Based on the OECD Policy Guidance. • UNDP (2009): Resource Guide on Gender and Climate Change • Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. IPCC Working Group 1. Contribution to the 4. AR • World Development report. 2010. Focus A: The science of climate change. Adapted from IPCC. 2007 • http: //www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/04/080423181652. htm • Lal. 2009. http: //senr. osu. edu/images/CMASC. pdf • Nature Vol. 453, (May 2008) • IPCC. 2013. 5. Assessment Report. The Physical Science Basis. Geneva • IPCC. 2013. 5. Assessment Report. Adaptation and Vulnerability. Geneva • GIZ 2011. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Cooperation • IUCN. 2009. Disaster and Gender Statistics • IPCC 5. 2013. 5. Assessment Report. Glossary. Geneva • Swiss Academy of Science. 2007. Denk-Schrift Energie • Smith M S et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2011; 369: 196 -216. As presented by Anne Hammill. IISD. 2011. Climate Change Adaptation – recent advances • Tanner and Mitchell (2008 a); Tanner and Mitchell (2008 b). Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaption and Human. Security • adelphi/EURAC 2014 https: //gc 21. giz. de/ibt/var/app/wp 342 de. P/1443/wp-content/uploads/filebase/va/vulnerability-guides-manualsreports/Vulnerability_Sourcebook_-_Guidelines_for_Assessments_-_GIZ_2014. pdf • IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Online available under: https: //www. ipcc. ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar 5/wg 3/ipcc_wg 3_ar 5_full. pdf • Heinrich Böll Stiftung / IASS, Global Soil Atlas 2015. • Wollenberg et al. 2012: Climate Change Mitigation and Agriculture (book) published by earthscan • Killian et al. 2013 Carbon Footprint across the Coffee Supply Chain: the Case of Costa Rican Coffee in Journal of Agriculutral Science and technology B 3 (2013) 151 -170 44